The world watches in horror as tensions between Israel and Iran escalate into a fierce exchange, with US-made warplanes attacking targets across Iran while hypersonic and ballistic missiles strike Tel Aviv.

With rising death tolls and the threat of a regional war intensifying, the international community calls for restraint, though not without showing support for different sides, some more fervently than others.

Positions are becoming clear. Iran’s proxy forces and allied militias have vehemently condemned Israel’s actions, echoed by much of the Arab world. Meanwhile, the US and Europe have supported Israel’s ‘right to self-defense,’ though their enthusiasm varies.

But the conflict has also exposed nations whose self-interest appears to outweigh loyalty to traditional allies.

For example, Russia’s ongoing war in Ukraine has been made possible by enduring support from Tehran, and the two signed a sweeping strategic partnership in January to formalise their military and political alignment.

Yet the Kremlin, while denouncing Israel’s assault, has stopped short of backing Iran. Instead, Moscow is manoeuvring to present itself as a regional power broker. 

A statement at the weekend reminded Tehran that ‘the US is ready to hold another round of talks with Iran on the latter’s nuclear programme in Oman’ – while Vladimir Putin personally telephoned the White House on Saturday to offer himself as a mediator.

Here’s a breakdown of the international reaction as the Middle East’s most powerful foes come to blows – and a look at who stands where. 

Condemning Israel 

Iran has for decades used its so-called Axis of Resistance – a collection of political-military groups funded, armed and backed by Tehran – to expand its influence and advance its interests throughout the Middle East. 

Unsurprisingly, each one of these groups has harshly condemned Israel’s strikes and pledged its support to its chief backer. 

But only one member of the group – Yemen’s Houthi rebel group known as Ansar Allah – has openly committed to striking Israel on Iran’s behalf.

The Houthis have launched intermittent attacks on Israel ever since the Jewish state’s declaration of war against Hamas in response to the October 7, 2023 attacks. 

They have also managed to significantly disrupt global shipping by sending missiles, drones and even fast boats to intercept cargo ships in the Red Sea. 

A spokesperson for the group on Friday told Newsweek: ‘We have been at war for some time with the Zionist enemy entity,’ before vowing to continue attacking Israel in the wake of Operation Rising Lion against Iran.

Hours later, air raid sirens in Israel blared following the launch of a missile from Yemen which ultimately landed in Hebron – a city in the West Bank under partial Israeli control. 

The other key members of the resistance – Hamas in Gaza and Hezbollah in Lebanon – issued scathing retorts to Israel’s strikes. But neither group volunteered to fight back in solidarity. 

This is a testament to the efficacy of Israel’s military operations, which have significantly eroded the capacities of both Hezbollah and Hamas. 

Hezbollah last year suffered a vital blow as thousands of its members were killed or injured when their communications devices exploded in their hands – the product of a stunning operation by Mossad. 

This, plus a campaign of punishing airstrikes that eliminated senior leadership, including longtime chief Hassan Nasrallah, forced the Lebanese outfit to strike a peace deal with Israel in November. 

Hamas meanwhile has suffered horrific losses amid the ongoing war in Gaza, with Israel having bombed much of the territory into rubble and killed most of its senior leadership. 

There are a smattering of other Shia Islamist militias, including the likes of the Islamic Resistance in Iraq (IRI) and Ka’taib Hezbollah, that are supporters of the Islamic Republic and would likely fight on behalf of Tehran in event of an all-out war. 

But it is believed their leaders have been warned by Iraq’s central government to avoid getting involved in the conflict. 

Besides these groups, much of the Arab world has publicly denounced Israel’s attacks on Iran. 

Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Egypt, Bahrain, the UAE, Qatar, and Oman – the nation that this weekend was set to host more talks between US and Iranian negotiators until their cancellation amid Operation Rising Lion – have roundly objected to Israel’s aggression. 

But the support of these countries for Tehran is unlikely to extend beyond words given their relationships with the United States and their desire to expand their own influence in the region.

Besides Bahrain, all of the aforementioned countries are also majority Sunni Muslim, split across sectarian lines from Iran’s Shia majority population.

The position of Russia, whose President Putin is evidently keen to inextricably insert himself into Israel and Iran’s affairs, is tied closely to its war in Ukraine. 

Not only does the conflict between Tehran and Jerusalem distract from the Russian armed forces’ incessant assault of Ukraine’s territory, but a successful resolution of the Israel-Iran hostilities thanks to Russian mediation would be hugely beneficial for Moscow’s profile on the world stage.

It would also likely earn Putin a significant amount of good grace from his American counterpart for ongoing ceasefire negotiations in Ukraine.  

Other key international players to have condemned Israel’s attacks are China, Turkey Brazil and South Africa. 

In a disquieting development, nuclear-armed Pakistan not only harshly criticised Israel’s strikes but warned that it would deploy its thermonuclear weapons against the Jewish state should the Israeli military use any of its own nuclear devices on Tehran. 

Meanwhile, the fall of former Syrian President and close ally of Iran Bashar al-Assad has dramatically weakened Iran’s regional support base. 

Under the leadership of Sunni Islamist group HTS, Syria severed ties with Iran and is now seemingly committed to preventing the flow of funds and arms from Tehran to Hezbollah in Lebanon. 

Condemning Iran 

Israel is thus far going it alone in its assault on its arch nemesis, with no country openly taking part in attacking Iran on its behalf. 

But it has a slew of powerful enemies that have expressed support for Israel’s right to self-defence. 

Others have generally warned against an escalation in the conflict but have not condemned Israel’s actions – and all are quietly thankful for Operation Rising Lion amid fears Iran was closing in on developing nuclear weapons. 

Chief among Israel’s supporters is the United States. 

President Donald Trump had for months cautioned Israel against attacking Iran as he attempted to negotiate with the Islamic Republic, offering sanctions relief in exchange for Tehran abandoning its nuclear enrichment programme.

But in the days before the launch of Operation Rising Lion, he reportedly became convinced of the need for Israel to strike – and was convinced on Thursday when the UN’s nuclear watchdog officially warned that Iran was in breach of its nonproliferation requirements. 

In the wake of the attacks he urged Iran to ‘make a deal’ with the US to avoid more bloodshed and at the weekend told reporters that it was ‘possible’ Washington could get involved. 

‘There has already been great death and destruction, but there is still time to make this slaughter, with the next already planned attacks being even more brutal, come to an end. Iran must make a deal, before there is nothing left,’ he said. He also quipped that Israel’s punishing attacks ‘may have forced a deal to go quicker, actually’.

In the meantime, Washington appears to be taking steps to stabilise the situation – and discourage Iran from further aggression. 

The USS Nimitz aircraft carrier, set to appear in Vietnam on June 20, has seemingly reversed course and his now heading back West, presumably on course for the Middle East.

British Prime Minister Sir Keir Starmer issued a general caution against further hostilities in the hours following initial attacks on Friday.

‘Stability in the Middle East must be the priority, and we are engaging partners to de-escalate… Now is the time for restraint, calm and a return to diplomacy,’ he said. 

But in a phonecall, Starmer told Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu that London believes Israel has the right to ‘self defence’ and has ‘grave concerns’ over Iran’s nuclear programme. 

France took it a step further, with President Emmanuel Macron declaring that Tehran bore ‘heavy responsibility in the destabilisation of the whole region’.

‘If Israel were to be attacked in retaliation by Iran, France, if in a position to do so, would take part in protection and defence operations,’ he said – though he added that Paris would not take part in any offensives on Iran.

And German Chancellor Friedrich Merz backed ‘Israel’s right to defend its existence and the security of its citizens’, adding: ‘The goal must remain that Iran does not develop nuclear weapons.’

Other Western aligned nations including Canada, Australia and Argentina equally denounced Iran’s pursuit of nuclear weapons and perceived role in destabilising the region. 

In Latin America, Javier Milei of Argentina took an opposing tack to neighbours Brazil, siding with Israel and condemning Iran’s vile attack.

Milei’s office also hit out at Iran’s appointment of Brigadier General Ahmad Vahidi as the new head of the Revolutionary Guard following the assassination of Hossein Salami. 

Vahidi is one of several Iranian military members that Argentine authorities believe are responsible for the bombing of a Jewish community centre in Buenos Aires in 1995 – a terror attack in which 85 people perished.  

Beyond this, most countries have either issued general calls for de-escalation and restraint, without coming down on either side. 

One notable abstainer from condemning Israel’s attacks was India, which refused to join its fellow members of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), a pan-Asian political and security bloc, in doing so. 

New Delhi is playing a balancing act as a leading purchaser of Israeli military technology and defence equipment, but also as a key economic partner of Iran – not to mention its robust relationship with the United States.