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Nato allies are deliberating on a more assertive approach in response to Vladimir Putin’s increasingly daring actions, which include deploying armed drones along the Russian border and loosening restrictions for pilots to open fire on Russian aircraft.

The discussions aim to heighten the consequences for Moscow’s “hybrid warfare” and establish definitive countermeasures following a series of airspace intrusions by Russian drones and jets, according to four Nato officials privy to the discussions.

Initiated by frontline states neighboring Russia, with support from France and the UK, the talks have expanded to involve a larger number of countries within the 32-member alliance.

Suggestions include arming surveillance drones used for intelligence gathering on Russian military activities and lowering the threshold for pilots monitoring the eastern border to neutralize Russian threats. Another option under consideration is holding Nato military exercises along the Russian border, especially in more secluded and less fortified areas of the frontier.

Donald Trump last month said Nato should open fire on Russian aircraft that breach allied territory.

The US president’s statement followed a series of Russian provocations, marking the first direct encounter between Nato planes and Russian drones since Russia’s extensive invasion of Ukraine in 2022. In addition to this incident in Polish airspace, Russian drones have strayed into Romanian territory, and MiG fighter jets have penetrated Estonian airspace.

Simultaneously, a multitude of unidentified drones have caused significant disturbances at airports in Belgium, Denmark, and Germany, with some officials suggesting they are part of the same hybrid warfare executed by Moscow, which also includes cyber attacks and sabotage efforts.

Matthew Whittaker, the US ambassador to Nato, said last week that he was “working every single day” with allies to ensure “we have better options on the asymmetrical . . . and hybrid war”. He said it was paramount “to make sure that we have enough rungs on the escalation ladder”.

Two of the Nato officials said that one urgent issue was to streamline the rules of engagement along the eastern flank. Some countries require fighter pilots to make visual confirmation of threats before engaging, while others allow them to open fire based on radar data or the perceived danger from the direction or speed of the hostile object.

Nato did not immediately respond to a request for comment.

The talks, which started out in a small group of directly affected states, have now morphed into a broader discussion, two of the officials said, as other allied capitals recognise the wider threat posed by Moscow’s destabilisation campaign.

Some capitals are also pushing for a more aggressive Nato stance as a means of deterrence, said one of the officials. Other allies are advising a more conservative response, given the risks of direct confrontation with a nuclear power like Russia.

“There are active discussions on these issues, how to better and more efficiently respond to Russia,” said one Nato diplomat, who cautioned that the talks were still in an initial phase.

Nato held emergency talks twice last month, prompted by the incidents in Poland and Estonia, and launched Eastern Sentry — a mission to bolster the air defences of frontline states.

There is no timeline or obligation to agree on any change in posture, and a shift may not be publicly communicated, all four officials cautioned.

The Nato discussions come as the EU prepares to take its own steps in response to Russian provocations.

These including curbing the travel around Europe of Russian diplomats, who are suspected by intelligence agencies of running agents and sabotage operations in countries other than where they are officially posted, and using EU funding to help put in place anti-drone defence systems.

“This is a deliberate and targeted grey zone campaign against Europe. And Europe must respond,” European Commission president Ursula von der Leyen said on Wednesday.

“Russia wants to sow division. We have to answer with unity,” she told the European parliament. “We must not only react, we must deter. Because if we hesitate to act, the grey zone will only expand.”