Qatar’s safe streets attract many foreign workers who benefit from tax-free earnings and the region’s mild winter climate. However, on Monday evening, the comfort was shattered by a series of Iranian missiles targeting a U.S. military base.

The explosions — shaking windows and triggering emergency alarms — caused panic inside Doha’s luxury Villaggio Mall. Shoppers hurriedly sought exits amid screams, with video capturing a single shoe left behind in the rush. Parents throughout the otherwise peaceful city consoled children scared by the detonations.

Among the millions of mobile expatriates who energize the oil-rich economies, making up about half of the Gulf’s population, Iran’s strike on Qatar has raised concerns about safety in nations typically viewed as prosperous and secure havens in a volatile region.

The region’s foreign workforce ranges from well-paid finance and energy executives to blue-collar workers mainly from South Asia, who build the countries’ infrastructure and keep them running.

Many foreign workers are phlegmatic. Some are battle-tested by previous attacks by Iran-aligned Yemeni Houthi rebels and other proxies on energy infrastructure in 2019 and 2022, which struck Saudi Arabia and Abu Dhabi, or by the regional boycott of Qatar during Donald Trump’s first term. 

But the Gulf’s population has swelled in recent years. For many newcomers, this is their first experience of a Middle East war — even if indirectly. 

“The reaction depends on how long you’ve been in the region,” said a banker based in the UAE. “Some of the newer people, even in Dubai, were like ‘oh my god, this isn’t what I signed up for’.” 

Since Israel attacked Iran less than two weeks ago, the Gulf monarchies have pushed for an end to hostilities and return to talks. They hoped to avoid wider regional escalation and avoid being caught in the crossfire as a result of the several US military installations in Gulf states.

Iran’s strikes on Monday targeting the US’s biggest military base in the region came in retaliation for US attacks on its nuclear infrastructure.

Later in the day, Trump announced that Iran and Israel had agreed to a ceasefire, though that appeared shaky on Tuesday morning after Israel said Tehran had launched fresh missiles, and threatened to respond.

The Iranian missiles that ripped through Qatar’s sky had mostly been intercepted by air defences, causing no casualties.

But if this was a display of military theatrics, “I prefer the safe £200-a-ticket, inaccessible to average people, London type of theatre”, quipped one expatriate Doha resident on Monday night.

The mood on Tuesday morning was “tense but relieved”, said a Palestinian-British-Canadian expatriate in Doha. During the attack he said his reaction was “WTF” but by the morning he felt secure, pleased at how the government had maintained services such as internet and electricity.

On social media, some residents called the night’s events insignificant compared with Israeli bombing that has flattened Gaza.

But one senior British expatriate based in Doha for two decades said his peers were “fairly shell-shocked”. 

“Fortunately the US base is well out of town,” he added. “Still, not very pleasant to go through, and the future uncertainty is no doubt on everybody’s mind.”

Several organisations sent emails telling staff that Tuesday would be a normal working day, and the senior expatriate expected most employees to show up. 

In Dubai, the region’s second-biggest city after Riyadh, some expatriates had already planned out overland escape routes to Oman. At one company, employees on a security call asked for plans to evacuate, but were rebuffed. 

WhatsApp groups buzzed with expats questioning the safety of staying in the region during the unpredictable Trump era, and some expatriates even dubbed Europe-bound flights through the Gulf as navigating “missile alley”.

But many foreigners were sanguine, with their main concern the disruption to aviation and its potential to delay or derail summer holiday plans.

“There is some level of panic among residents given summer holidays,” said a Dubai-based corporate investigator.

“The primary risk remains air travel disruption,” said Nigel Lea, an independent risk consultant. “Plenty of companies are restricting travel to the Middle East, but again because of the cost and inconvenience of delays, and people getting stuck.”

Phil Miles, associate managing director for enterprise security risk management at adviser Kroll, said some clients had already “postponed non-essential travel to the region and are providing staff with increased flexibility to work from home”.

Some professionals said they felt confident the Gulf would suffer little to no economic impact.

“There was no disruption to energy flows, plus the ceasefire was announced so quickly — these are all positive,” said Monica Malik, chief economist at Abu Dhabi Commercial Bank. “We’re also in the quieter travel and tourism period for the region. So we’re not making any non-oil forecast changes.”

For one Dubai-based economist, “the Saudi economic slowdown matters more in the Gulf than all the drama of the last few days”.

But not all are convinced. Gaffour, a limousine driver in Doha, has seen business plummet since the World Cup in 2022, and fears further economic decline as a result of the growing geopolitical tensions.

“There still isn’t any business,” he said. “All my friends are worried.”