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Rafał Trzaskowski and Karol Nawrocki, the key candidates in Poland’s closely contested presidential run-off, organized competing large-scale rallies in Warsaw on Sunday to make a final effort before the June 1 election.

The competition took an unexpected turn with Trzaskowski’s surprisingly slim win in the initial round. The Warsaw mayor, representing Prime Minister Donald Tusk’s pro-European Union Civic Platform party, achieved just a two-point edge over Nawrocki, a historian backed by the right-wing Law and Justice (PiS) opposition party.

Tusk has been actively supporting Trzaskowski’s campaign, although polls indicate that his participation may be more detrimental than advantageous. According to a survey by SW Research for the pro-government outlet Onet, nearly 31 percent of those surveyed believe the prime minister might be harming Trzaskowski’s campaign, while only 21 percent perceive his involvement as advantageous.

The election has become an informal referendum on Tusk, who returned to power in 2023 after eight years of PiS rule. Tusk has warned that a Nawrocki presidency would weaken Poland’s standing in the EU and jeopardise his reform agenda.

Trzaskowski remains closely tied to Tusk and has shouldered some of the blame for the government’s broken pledges, notably its failure to restore abortion rights severely limited under the PiS administration.

“Trzaskowski is obviously associated with Tusk, and now a large part of voters are simply angry at Tusk’s government,” said Dorota Piontek, a political scientist at Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań.

Tusk has acknowledged disappointment with his government, but argues that getting “a yellow card is not a drama” and insists that voters must realise the danger of maintaining the PiS-led blockade of his reform agenda under outgoing President Andrzej Duda, another PiS nominee.

An Ipsos poll released on Friday by state broadcaster TVP showed both candidates tied at 47 per cent. The outcome now largely hinges on the almost 40 per cent of voters who supported other candidates in the first round.

Trzaskowski faces a tougher balancing act. He needs to appeal to far right Confederation supporters wary of PiS’s statist policies as well as to progressive voters disillusioned by Tusk’s government.

Trzaskowski has also faced criticism for abandoning progressive positions on LGBTQ rights that had made Warsaw a liberal stronghold under PiS rule.

Nawrocki, despite personal scandals, has retained significant support among older PiS voters who are particularly loyal to the party’s 75-year-old founder Jarosław Kaczyński — Tusk’s long-standing rival. Kaczyński handpicked Nawrocki as PiS’s nominee for the presidency.

This month Nawrocki came under fierce criticism for not disclosing his acquisition of an apartment from a vulnerable pensioner under allegedly dubious circumstances, but he dismissed the attacks as politically motivated “lies”.

“He [Nawrocki] did better than we thought, especially with this housing scandal,” said Wojciech Szacki, chief political analyst at think-tank Polityka Insight.

The run-off’s kingmaker has become Sławomir Mentzen, the far-right Confederation candidate who finished third in the first round with 14.8 per cent of the votes.

On Thursday, Nawrocki signed an agreement with Mentzen promising that, as president, he would not ratify Ukraine joining Nato — a deal Tusk described as an act of treason.

Trzaskowski also met Mentzen on Saturday, agreeing to some of his demands on taxation but drawing a red line at Ukraine’s Nato membership.

Turnout in the first round was a record 67.3 per cent, driven by high participation from voters aged under 30. However, Szacki of Polityka Insight cautioned that many of these younger voters supported extremist candidates on the left and right who are no longer in the race.

“The candidates of the two main parties have no attractive agenda for young people, so I don’t know if these younger voters will be willing to take part in the second round,” said Szacki.

“I’m totally shocked by how close this vote is going to be,” said Malwina Nowosielska, a 30-year IT specialist who held Polish and EU flags at Trzaskowski’s march on Sunday.

“There are a lot of young people who are fed up with the duopoly, but they will eventually understand that this election is important, hopefully for a democratic Poland that is strong in the EU and not a nationalist one.”