ISTANBUL – Concluding his visit to Turkey, Pope Leo XIV is now en route to Lebanon, aiming to deliver a message of hope to its beleaguered citizens while reinforcing the vital Christian presence in the Middle East.

Before departing Istanbul, Pope Leo XIV participated in two significant events: a prayer session at the Armenian Apostolic Cathedral and a divine liturgy alongside Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew, the spiritual leader of Orthodox Christians worldwide. This visit was spurred by an invitation to mark a pivotal Christian anniversary.

Pope Leo’s journey to Lebanon marks the second phase of his inaugural papal tour, arriving at a time when the nation is grappling with ongoing crises. This trip fulfills a long-standing aspiration of Pope Francis, who had intended to visit Lebanon but was hindered by health issues.

Pope Francis frequently cited St. John Paul II, who famously remarked in 1989 that Lebanon is more than a country; it is a “message” of unity and coexistence. Lebanon’s unique political system mandates that its president be a Maronite Christian, its prime minister a Sunni Muslim, and its parliament speaker a Shiite Muslim.

As a Muslim-majority nation with approximately one-third Christians, Lebanon holds a special place in the Vatican’s priorities, serving as a stronghold for Christians in the region. However, due to prolonged regional conflicts, the Christian communities, some tracing back to the Apostles, have significantly dwindled.

Pope Leo XIV is anticipated to inspire hope among Lebanese citizens disillusioned by their leadership and to motivate Lebanese Christians to either remain in the country or return if they have emigrated.

“The Holy Father is coming at a very difficult moment for Lebanon and for our region,” said Bishop George, archbishop of the Melkite Greek Catholic Archeparchy of Beirut. Lebanese are worried about the future, he said, and still fear a possible return to all-out war with Israel.

“In this difficult moment, the pope’s visit is a sign of hope. It shows that Lebanon is not forgotten,” he told reporters ahead of the visit.

A series of crises and no accountability

In 2019, the country’s currency and banking system collapsed and many Lebanese saw their savings evaporate. The financial crisis drove shortages of electricity, fuel and medicine.

Another disaster followed in 2020, when hundreds of tons of ammonium nitrate improperly stored at the Beirut port detonated an explosion that blasted through the surrounding neighborhoods, killing 218 people, wounding thousands more and causing billions of dollars in damages.

The highlight of Leo’s Lebanese visit will come on his last day, Dec. 2, when he spends time in silent prayer at the site of the Aug. 4, 2020 blast and meets with some of its victims.

Lebanese citizens were enraged by the blast, which appeared to be the result of government negligence, coming on top of the economic crisis. But an investigation has repeatedly stalled, and five years on, no official has been convicted.

There are hopes among Lebanese that Leo will demand accountability from Lebanon’s political class, and insist that there can be no peace without truth and justice.

Another important moment will come when Leo meets with young Lebanese. He is expected to give them words of encouragement, amid the decades-long flight of Lebanese abroad, while also acknowledging their disillusionment over the failures of generations before them.

A papal visit amid ongoing conflict

After the Oct. 7, 2023 Hamas-led attack in southern Israel sparked the war in Gaza, the Lebanese militant group Hezbollah entered into a low-level conflict with Israel that escalated into a full-fledged war in September 2024, killing more than 4,000 people and causing widespread destruction.

Despite a U.S.-brokered ceasefire that nominally ended the conflict two months later, Israel continues to launch near-daily airstrikes that it says aim to stop Hezbollah from rebuilding. Many Lebanese fear a return to all-out war.

Ahead of Leo’s arrival, Hezbollah urged the pope to express his “rejection to injustice and aggression” that the country is being subjected to. It was a reference to the Israeli strikes. The group also urged its supporters to line up along the road the papal convoy will take from the airport to the presidential palace to pay their respects.

Hezbollah — a primarily Shiite group — is allied with several Christian political groups in the country including the Free Patriotic Movement and Marada Movement.

However, the Christian party with the largest parliamentary bloc, the Lebanese Forces, is an opponent of Hezbollah and has criticized the group for pulling the country into a war with Israel.

Syrian Christians also look to the papal visit for hope

In neighboring Syria, hundreds of thousands of Christians fled during the country’s 14 years of civil war.

The country’s former autocratic leader, Bashar Assad, was ousted in an offensive led by Islamist insurgents last December. Since then, there have been outbreaks of sectarian violence and some attacks on religious minorities, including a suicide attack on a church in Damascus in June.

While the new government has condemned attacks on minorities, many accuse it of looking the other way or being unable to control allied armed groups.

A delegation of some 300 Syrian Christians heading by a Greek Melkite Catholic priest was set to travel to Lebanon to see Leo during his visit.

“We are in need of someone like the pope to come and give us hope as Christians” at a time of “fear of an unknown future,” said 24-year-old Dima Awwad, one of the delegation members. “We wish that the pope would come to visit Syria as he visited Lebanon, to reassure the people and to feel that we are present as eastern Christians and we need to be in this place.”

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Sewell reported from Beirut.

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