BILLINGS, Mont. – Republican members of Congress are proposing to sell substantial portions of federal land, potentially amounting to hundreds of thousands of acres, as a way to generate income and alleviate the growth pressure faced by rapidly expanding Western cities. However, doubts remain due to the lack of specifics on implementation, as critics fear this could end up benefiting developers and mining firms without significantly addressing the region’s ongoing housing shortage.

Recent legislation approved by the House Natural Resources Committee suggests that approximately 460,000 acres (186,155 hectares) in Nevada and Utah be put up for sale or transferred to local governments or private enterprises.

This proposal is encapsulated within a broader tax reduction package and aligns with the Trump administration’s perspective that views public land primarily as a resource to be exploited rather than conserved.

Who should control such sites has long been a burning source of disagreement in the West, where about half the acreage is under federal control and cities that sprawl across open landscapes face rising demand for housing, water and other necessities.

The GOP plan is rekindling the fight and generating strong blowback from Democrats and conservationists. They see the measure as a precedent-setting move that would open the door to sales in other states.

“We have grave concerns that this is the camel’s nose under the tent,” said Steve Bloch with the Southern Utah Wilderness Alliance. “If it can happen in Utah, if it can happen in Nevada, it’s not going to stay here. It’s going to spread.”

Some Republicans also signaled opposition, setting up a political clash as the budget process moves forward.

‘Good news’ for fast-growing Nevada city

The majority of land in the House provision is in Nevada, including the counties that encompass Reno, Las Vegas and the fast-growing city of Fernley, according to maps released by the measure’s sponsors, Republican Reps. Mark Amodei of Nevada and Celeste Maloy of Utah.

Fernley City Manager Benjamin Marchant said the opportunity to buy 12,000 acres (4850 hectares) of federal land at the edge of the community was “good news.” The city size tripled since its incorporation in 2001 and is expected to double again over the next decade, he said.

There is hope to emerge as a technology hub, but Fernley needs space to grow.

“We can’t even talk about projects when it’s federal land,” Marchant said. “We can’t sell what we don’t own, and this is the first step.”

Other parcels to be sold are farther from developed areas. They include sites bordering Zion National Park and tribal lands such as the Paiute Indian Tribe reservation in Utah and the Pyramid Lake Paiute reservation in Nevada.

“That means the tribe can’t grow,” said Mathilda Miller with Native Voters Alliance Nevada, an advocacy group for the state’s tribes that opposes the sales. “They can’t reclaim the land that was stolen from their tribe, and it brings development right up to their doorstep.”

Roughly 100,000 acres (40,500 hectares) in western Nevada’s rural Pershing County could be sold to private companies with mining claims or mining infrastructure, according to Amodei’s office. The legislation also requires federal parcels in that area to be exchanged for an equal amount of nonfederal land.

Landlocked by federal holdings

Many of the communities near sale locations share a common theme: Their expansion is hemmed in by federal property, which makes up 80% of the land in Nevada and 63% in Utah. Some states in the Midwest and East have 1% or less federal land by comparison.

Public parcels often are interspersed with private holdings in a “checkerboard” fashion that further complicates development efforts.

Housing advocates caution that federal land is not universally suitable for affordable housing. Generally, the farther away the land is from cities and towns the more infrastructure is required — roads, sewage, public transportation.

“It’s a costly way to go because of the infrastructure needs, because of the time it will take,” said Vicki Been of the Furman Center for Real Estate and Urban Policy at New York University. “I’m not saying that there’s no place on federal lands that would make sense, but one has to really look carefully.”

The Republican proposal seeks to identify suitable lands in coordination with local municipalities. That has left some concerned there aren’t enough assurances that the land, or enough land, will end up going to affordable housing.

“The devils in the details,” said Tara Rollins, executive director of the Utah Housing Coalition. “It could just be a land grab. There just needs to be a lot of checks and balances.”

A failed lawsuit to wrest control

The wholesale transfer of federal lands to local or private entities is something many western conservatives have long sought. Republican officials in Utah last year filed a lawsuit last seeking to take over huge swathes of federal land in the state, but they were rejected by the U.S. Supreme Court. Twelve other states backed Utah’s bid.

There also are strong voices within the GOP against public land sales, notably Montana lawmakers Rep. Ryan Zinke, who was interior secretary in Trump’s first term, and Sen. Steve Daines. Colorado Rep. Jeff Hurd was the lone Republican on the Natural Resources Committee to vote against the lands provision.

The legislation would sell about 10,000 acres (4050 hectares) of land in two Utah counties. Maloy said it avoids areas that should be conserved and would help ease demand for housing and water, by creating space to build new homes and expand reservoir capacity.

Smaller land sales are a common practice for the Interior Department’s Bureau of Land Management.

“Not all federal lands have the same value,” Maloy said. “In both Democratic and Republican administrations, for decades, we’ve been disposing of appropriate lands in a manner that’s consistent with what I propose to do here.”

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Bedayn reported from Denver and Daly from Washington, D.C.

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