Pope Leo XIV's US citizenship poses legal questions
Share this @internewscast.com

Pope Leo’s election as the first American to lead the Catholic Church has positioned him uniquely, being a U.S. citizen and simultaneously a foreign head of state.

WASHINGTON — With Pope Leo XIV becoming the first U.S.-born leader of the Catholic Church, he finds himself in the unusual and complicated legal scenario of holding American citizenship while being a foreign head of state.

The new pope, born Robert Prevost in Chicago in 1955, has maintained dual citizenship in the U.S. and Peru, acknowledging his years spent there as a missionary and bishop over the past decade.

As pope, Leo serves as leader of both the Holy See, the governing body of the Catholic Church, and Vatican City, an independent state.

Can the pope remain a U.S. citizen while leading a foreign government? Here are things to know about Leo’s citizenship.

Is the Vatican considered a sovereign nation?

In addition to being the spiritual leader for what the church says is roughly 1.4 billion Catholics worldwide, Leo is also the head of what’s recognized as the world’s smallest nation.

Vatican City covers just 0.17 square miles (0.44 square kilometers) and has a population of a few hundred people. It became an independent state in 1929 under a treaty between Italy and the Holy See.

Americans working for foreign governments aren’t automatically at risk of forfeiting their U.S. citizenship.

But the U.S. State Department says on its website that it may “actively review” the citizenship status of Americans who “serve as a foreign head of state, foreign head of government, or foreign minister.”

“Such cases raise complex questions of international law, including issues related to the level of immunity from U.S. jurisdiction that the person so serving may be afforded,” the policy states.

The State Department declined to comment on the pope’s status. A spokesperson said the department doesn’t discuss the citizenship of individuals.

The core issue is whether foreign leaders should hold American citizenship when they also enjoy broad immunity from U.S. laws, said Peter Spiro, a Temple University law professor and an expert on citizenship law. Such immunity clashes with the constitutional principle that no U.S. citizen should be above the law.

However, the U.S. Supreme Court in a 1980 decision ruled that Americans can’t be stripped of their citizenship unless they intentionally renounce it.

“The State Department never assumes that you intend to lose your citizenship unless you specifically say so through the renunciation process,” Spiro said.

He said it would be hard to argue that Leo, by becoming pope, demonstrated an intent to give up being a U.S. citizen.

“I think it’s highly unlikely that the U.S. moves to terminate the pope’s citizenship,” Spiro said.

Peruvian law has no conflict with Pope Leo remaining a citizen, said Jorge Puch, deputy director of registry archives at Peru’s National Registry of Identification and Civil Status.

Leo was granted Peruvian citizenship in August 2015, the month before Pope Francis appointed him bishop of Chiclayo in the South American country’s northern region. To qualify, he had to live in Peru for at least two years and pass a civics test.

“It is the most praiseworthy thing our beloved supreme pontiff could have done: Wanting to have Peruvian nationality without having been Peruvian by birth,” Puch said.

All adult Peruvians, including naturalized citizens, are required to vote in elections through age 69. Voting in Peru’s presidential election next April won’t be mandatory for Leo. He turns 70 in September.

It’s not clear what happened to the citizenship status of Leo’s predecessors once they became pope. That’s not information the Vatican discloses.

Pope Francis renewed his passport in his home country of Argentina in 2014, the year after he became pope. German-born Pope Benedict XVI and Pope John Paul II, a native of Poland, never publicly relinquished citizenship in their home countries.

John Paul was the first non-Italian pope in 455 years.

Margaret Susan Thompson, a Syracuse University history professor and expert on American Catholicism, said she doubts Leo would renounce his U.S. citizenship. But she believes the new pope was sending a message when he delivered his first speech in Italian and Spanish without using English.

“I think he wants to stress that he is the pope of the universal Catholic Church,” Thompson said, “and not an American holding that position.”

Yes. Here are a few notable examples.

Former British Prime Minister Boris Johnson was born in New York to British parents in 1964. He left the U.S. as a young boy and renounced his American citizenship in 2016 while serving as the U.K.’s foreign secretary. Johnson became prime minister three years later.

Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed was an American citizen when he was elected president of Somalia in 2017. Born in Somalia, he moved to the U.S. in 1985 and became a citizen in the 1990s. Mohamed gave up his U.S. citizenship two years into his presidency.

Valdas Adamkus became a U.S. citizen after his family fled Lithuania to escape Soviet occupation. He returned to win Lithuania’s presidency in 1998, years after the Soviet Union collapsed. He relinquished his American citizenship after being elected.

AP reporter Regina Garcia Cano in Mexico City contributed to this story. Bynum reported from Savannah, Georgia.

Copyright 2025 Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed.     

Share this @internewscast.com
You May Also Like
Collage of photos showing a house for sale in Dunedin, New Zealand.

Real Estate Listing Uncovers Eerie Clues Connected to Historic Massacre of 51 People

A PROPERTY listing has inadvertently revealed haunting lost terror clues linked to…
LA officials charge over 40 anti-ICE protesters who allegedly assaulted officers, horses and threatened child

Over 40 Anti-ICE Protesters Charged by LA Officials for Alleged Assaults and Threats

Los Angeles officials reported on Tuesday that more than 40 individuals now…
Jury deliberations continue in Sean 'Diddy' Combs' sex trafficking trial

Jury Still Discussing Verdict in Sean ‘Diddy’ Combs’ Sex Trafficking Case

Combs, 55, could face 15 years in prison to life behind bars…
Pentagon Halting Some Munitions to Ukraine: We Can't Afford It

Pentagon Suspends Certain Weapon Deliveries to Ukraine Due to Budget Constraints

Recently, the focus of news coverage has been heavily on internal matters…
Massachusetts police officer shot by colleague during service of restraining order

Massachusetts Officer Injured in Shooting Incident with Fellow Officer While Serving Restraining Order

An off-duty Massachusetts police officer was shot Monday night during a confrontation…
JSO: Man found dead with 'multiple' blunt-force injuries at Jacksonville apartment complex

JSO: Man Discovered Deceased with Severe Blunt-Force Injuries at Jacksonville Apartment Community

The Jacksonville Sheriff’s Office says multiple people were detained when officers responded…
Vladimir Putin and Kim Jong-un shaking hands.

North Korea Proposes Sending 30,000 Additional Troops to Support Putin’s War After Kim Jong-un Mourns Fallen Soldiers

NORTH Korea is reportedly planning to send 30,000 more troops to fight alongside…
Aerial view of a fireworks facility fire in Esparto, Yolo County.

Huge Blast Completely Obliterates California Fireworks Warehouse, Causing Tremors and Resident Evacuations

A FIREWORKS warehouse in northern California was completely destroyed in a huge…
Wisconsin Supreme Court’s liberal majority strikes down 176-year-old abortion ban

Wisconsin Supreme Court’s Liberal Majority Overturns 176-Year-Old Abortion Ban

The liberal majority of the Wisconsin Supreme Court overturned a 176-year-old abortion…
A worker in a protective suit cleans up a pile of garbage where a baby's remains were found.

Woman Apprehended After Baby’s Body Discovered Mutilated in Trash Bin

POLICE have arrested a woman suspected of decapitating her new-born baby and…
Aurora, IL Mayor John Laesch under fire after social media post seeming to encourage residents to set off fireworks in city

Aurora, IL Mayor John Laesch Criticized for Social Media Post Appearing to Urge Residents to Ignite Fireworks Locally

AURORA, Ill. (WLS) — A social media post by Aurora’s mayor is…
Here's how millions of people could lose health insurance if Trump's tax bill becomes law

Why Trump’s Tax Bill Could Cause Millions to Lose Health Insurance

WASHINGTON (AP) — Approximately 11.8 million adults and children could lose their…