WASHINGTON — After burning the midnight oil, House Republicans are prepared to vote on President Donald Trump’s $4.5 trillion bill targeting tax cuts and spending reductions. The push follows efforts by GOP leaders and the president to sway hesitant members to align with his Fourth of July deadline. The chief Democrat, however, advises caution.

The final debates kicked off early Thursday morning following yet another tumultuous session at the Capitol. House Speaker Mike Johnson, R-La., firmly stated that the House would adhere to the Friday deadline.

But for now, House Democratic leader Hakeem Jeffries of New York was holding the floor and doing the speaking.

Seizing a leader’s prerogative for unlimited debate, Jeffries did just that, starting early in the morning and continuing for some five hours, and counting.

He read letter after letter from Americans writing about their reliance of the health care programs and their worries of devastating cuts. He spoke of Republican colleagues who could stand up and oppose what he called the “big ugly bill.” Fellow Democrats filled the chairs around Jeffries, cheering at times.

“I never thought that I’d be on the House floor saying that this is a crime scene,” Jeffries said. “It’s a crime scene, going after the health, and the safety, and the well-being of the American people.”

And as Democrats, he said, “We want no part of it.”

He was a few hours away from the record for the longest House leaders speech, set in 2021.

Johnson promised his own speech would be short.

“Our way is to plow through and get it done,” Johnson said, emerging in the middle of the night from closed-door meetings. “We will meet our July 4th deadline.”

The outcome would be a milestone for the president and his party, compiling a long list of their priorities into what they call his “one big beautiful bill,” an 800-plus page package. With Democrats unified in opposition, the bill will become a defining measure of Trump’s return to the White House, with the sweep of Republican control of Congress.

At its core: $4.5 trillion in tax breaks enacted in Trump’s first term in 2017 that would expire if Congress failed to act, along with new ones. This includes allowing workers to deduct tips and overtime pay, and a $6,000 deduction for most older adults earning less than $75,000 a year.

It provides some $350 billion for national security, Trump’s deportation agenda and development of the “Golden Dome” defensive system over the United States.

To help offset the costs of lost tax revenue, the package has $1.2 trillion in cutbacks to the Medicaid health care and food stamps, largely by imposing new work requirements, including for some parents and older people, and a massive rollback of green energy investments.

The nonpartisan Congressional Budget Office estimates the proposal will add $3.3 trillion to the nation’s debt over the decade and 11.8 million more people will go without health coverage.

“This was a generational opportunity to deliver the most comprehensive and consequential set of conservative reforms in modern history, and that’s exactly what we’re doing,” said Rep. Jodey Arrington, R-Texas, the House Budget Committee chairman.

Democrats unified against the bill as a tax giveaway to the rich paid for on the backs of the most vulnerable in society, what they called “trickle down cruelty.”

“Have you no shame?” said Rep. Rosa DeLauro of Connecticut, the top Democrat on the House Appropriations Committee.

Republicans have struggled mightily with the bill nearly every step of the way in the House and Senate, often succeeding only by the narrowest of margins: just one vote. In the Senate, Vice President JD Vance broke the tie vote. The slim 220-212 majority in the House leaves Republicans little room for defections.

In some ways, the bill became too big to fail, in part because Republicans found it difficult to buck Trump.

As Wednesday’s stalled floor action dragged overnight, Trump railed against the delays.

“What are the Republicans waiting for???” the president said in a midnight post. “What are you trying to prove???”

Johnson relied heavily on White House Cabinet secretaries, lawyers and others to satisfy skeptical GOP holdouts. Moderate Republicans worried about the severity of cuts while conservatives pressed for steeper reductions. Lawmakers said they were being told the administration could provide executive actions, projects or other provisions in their districts back home.

The alternative was clear. Republicans who staked out opposition to the bill, including Rep. Thomas Massie of Kentucky, and Sen. Thom Tillis of North Carolina, were being warned by Trump’s well-funded political operation. Tillis soon after announced he would not seek reelection.

In many ways, the package is a repudiation of the agendas of the last two Democratic presidents, a chiseling away at the Medicaid expansion from Barack Obama’s Affordable Care Act and a pullback of Joe Biden’s climate change strategies in the Inflation Reduction Act.

Democrats say cuts to Medicaid, which some 80 million Americans rely on, would result in lives lost. Food stamps that help feed more than 40 million people would “rip food from the mouths of hungry children, hungry veterans and hungry seniors,” Jeffries said.

Republicans say the tax breaks will prevent a tax increase on households and grow the economy. They maintain they are trying to rightsize the safety net programs for the population they were initially designed to serve, mainly pregnant women, the disabled and children, and root out what they describe as waste, fraud and abuse.

The Tax Policy Center, which provides nonpartisan analysis of tax and budget policy, projected the bill would result next year in a $150 tax break for the lowest quintile of Americans, a $1,750 tax cut for the middle quintile and a $10,950 tax cut for the top quintile. That’s compared with what they would face if the 2017 tax cuts expired.

Associated Press writers Kevin Freking, Joey Cappelletti and Matt Brown contributed to this report.

Copyright 2025 Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed.