EXCLUSIVE TO FOX: A recent analysis is casting a spotlight on Turkey’s evolving role in the Middle East, highlighting concerns over President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan’s pivot from Western alliances towards fostering connections with Islamist factions, notably the Muslim Brotherhood.

The examination, conducted by the Foundation for Defense of Democracies and spearheaded by senior fellow Sinan Ciddi, is titled “Islamist Domination of Turkey: A Forward Base for Muslim Brotherhood-Aligned Jihadism.” It asserts that Turkey has forged links with Hamas—an organization the U.S. labels as a terrorist group responsible for the deadly October 7 attacks—as well as with the Muslim Brotherhood, whose affiliates have recently been categorized as terrorist bodies by the U.S. This alignment has placed Turkey’s strategies under intense examination, especially as it gears up to host an upcoming NATO summit.

In a conversation with Fox News Digital, Ciddi explained that this shift signifies a broader redefinition of threat perception within Turkey.

“Turkey has fundamentally altered the criteria for identifying what constitutes a jihadist terrorist entity,” Ciddi remarked. “Erdoğan has redefined the notion of terrorist groups, aligning entities like Hamas and al-Nusra with his broader pan-Islamist ideology.”

Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan (right) and former Hamas Chairman Khaled Mashal (left) exchange a handshake at the Historic Mabeyn Palace in Istanbul, Turkey, on June 24, 2016. (Kayhan Ozer/Anadolu Agency/Getty Images)

Hamas presence draws scrutiny

The report particularly scrutinizes Turkey’s association with Hamas. Despite its designation by the U.S. as a terrorist organization, Hamas has notably broadened its operations within Turkey since 2011, establishing both offices and networks across the country.

“From 2011 onward … Hamas used this opportunity inside of Turkey with a friendly government to establish offices, engage in recruitment (and) fundraising,” Ciddi said.

U.S. authorities have taken action against some of those networks. The Treasury Department has designated Hamas-linked individuals and entities operating in Turkey, a point Ciddi said underscores longstanding concerns.

“The United States Treasury has been tracking and designating Hamas-affiliated NGOs and individuals inside of Turkey,” he said.

The report also alleges that some Hamas operatives have been able to travel using Turkish-issued documents and that senior figures have been publicly received by Erdoğan.

Beyond Hamas, the report describes Turkey as a hub for Muslim Brotherhood figures from across the region, including Egypt and Yemen, many of whom relocated there following crackdowns in their home countries.

Across parts of the Arab world, the Muslim Brotherhood has been banned or restricted for years. 

Egypt outlawed the movement in 2013, accusing it of inciting unrest and undermining state institutions. Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates later designated it a terrorist organization, describing it as a threat to national stability, while Bahrain adopted a similar stance. 

Jordan dissolved its local chapter this year following arrests authorities said were linked to illicit weapons activity.

Some European countries also have taken steps targeting networks linked to the movement. 

Austria, for example, has pursued legal action against individuals and organizations it says are connected to Brotherhood-linked activity as part of its counter-extremism policies.

Officials in these countries have argued that the Brotherhood operates through a mix of religious outreach, political activism, charitable organizations and media platforms to influence public opinion and challenge state authority.

People protest in support of Palestinians in Gaza during a protest rally in Istanbul, Turkey, on Feb. 17, 2024, amid the ongoing war between Israel and Hamas. (Khalil Hamra/The Associated Press )

Syria policy and sanctions questions

The report also examines Turkey’s role in Syria, where the country backed opposition forces during the civil war, supporting a range of armed factions, including groups that later formed the Syrian National Army.

“The Syrian National Army … was a hodgepodge collection of militias that Turkey directly armed, paid and organized,” he said.

The report links Turkish support to groups such as al-Nusra and Hayat Tahrir al-Sham, raising questions among analysts about whether such ties could expose Turkish officials to potential sanctions under U.S. law.

U.S. President Donald Trump (R) delivers remarks during a meeting with President of Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdogan in the Oval Office at the White House on Sept. 25, 2025 in Washington, D.C. (Andrew Harnik/Getty Images)

A balancing act with Washington

Despite these concerns, other analysts say Turkey’s relationship with the United States continues to act as a constraint on its behavior, while the relationship between Donald Trump and Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan has been characterized by renewed trust, with Trump praising Erdoğan’s role in Gaza diplomacy.

As Trump celebrated the Gaza ceasefire agreement in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt in October 2025, he singled out one leader for extraordinary praise — Erdoğan, whose leadership he credited for helping deliver the Gaza ceasefire.

“A guy who’s been a friend of mine for a long time. I don’t know why I like the tough people better than the soft, easy ones,” Trump said about Erdoğan at the Sharm el-Sheikh summit in October 2025. “This gentleman from a place called Turkey is one of the most powerful in the world … He’s a tough cookie — but he’s my friend.”

Hişyar Özsoy, a Turkish politician and academic, described the relationship between Erdoğan and Trump as “transactional,” noting Washington often relies on Turkey for regional coordination.

In a policy webinar hosted by the Jerusalem Institute for Strategy and Security, Turkish academic Hüseyin Bağcı emphasized that Ankara remains closely tied to Washington.

“The Turkish state is not interested in fighting with Israel because the Turkish government has very good relations with (the) United States of America,” he said. “You cannot be good with America and then be in conflict with Israel.”

Bağcı also suggested Turkey has at times limited Islamist actors domestically.

“Today do you hear anything about” the Muslim Brotherhood, he said. “No … because the president said stop.” 

Turkey’s President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, left, shakes hands with Sweden’s Prime Minister Ulf Kristersson, right, as NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg looks on prior to a meeting ahead of a NATO summit in Vilnius, Lithuania, Monday, July 10, 2023. (Yves Herman, Pool Photo via AP)

NATO ally under pressure

Turkey, a NATO member since 1952, remains a key partner for the United States, providing logistical access, military capabilities and diplomatic reach.

But Ciddi argued Turkey’s current trajectory increasingly diverges from alliance priorities.

“There is an established track record … where Turkey significantly undermines the transatlantic alliance’s core security concerns,” he said.

He pointed to U.S. sanctions on Turkish entities accused of supplying dual-use goods to Russia, as well as Ankara’s broader strategy of maintaining ties with competing powers.

Iran and regional positioning

As far as Turkey’s positioning itself amid tensions with Iran, Ciddi said Turkey is likely to favor a weakened Iranian regime rather than a complete collapse that could produce a more pro-Western government. 

“A weakened Iranian regime is Erdoğan’s safest bet,” he said.

Bağcı offered a similar assessment of the rivalry.

“Iran is not an enemy of Turkey, but not necessarily its best friend. Turkey and Iran are two regional competitors,” he said.

In this May 30, 2015, file photo, supporters of Turkey President Recep Tayyip Erdogan and prime minister and leader of the Justice and Development Party (AKP), Ahmet Davutoglu, some holding Turkish flags, wait for their appearance in Istanbul during a rally to commemorate the anniversary of the city’s conquest by the Ottoman Turks. As extremist violence and political uncertainty cast a shadow over Turkey, voters are looking for the parliamentary election to usher in stability. (AP Photo/Lefteris Pitarakis)

Looking ahead

The report recommends potential U.S. policy responses, including sanctions and increased scrutiny of Turkey’s financial system, steps that could reshape relations between Washington and Ankara.

Fox News Digital reached out multiple times to the Turkish government and to the State Department for comment but did not receive a response in time for publication.