Imagine a student employing a writing assistant fueled by a generative AI chatbot. With the bot offering practical suggestions and encouragement, students find insights flowing more freely, drafts getting polished swiftly, and feedback arriving instantaneously. This can be invigorating, yet some students report feeling a dip in confidence or willingness to engage once the AI support is withdrawn.

This brings forth an intriguing question: Can AI tools truly enhance student motivation, and what conditions determine the success or failure of this enhancement?

As AI tools are increasingly integrated into educational environments, addressing these questions becomes crucial. While tools like ChatGPT and Claude remain widely used, an increasing number of students are encountering AI technologies specifically designed to bolster learning experiences. For instance, Khan Academy’s Khanmigo tailors lessons to individual learners, and ALEKS offers adaptive feedback. Both tools adjust to a student’s level, highlighting progress over time, which can foster a sense of competence and improvement. However, the long-term impact of these tools on student progress remains largely uncharted, a topic I continue to explore as an educational psychologist.

What the evidence shows so far

Recent research suggests that AI can indeed elevate motivation, particularly when applied under optimal circumstances. A 2025 experiment with university students revealed that when AI tools performed well and facilitated meaningful interactions, students experienced increased motivation and enhanced confidence in their task-completing abilities, a concept known as self-efficacy.

In the realm of foreign language learning, a 2025 study found that university students using AI-driven personalized systems enjoyed the learning process more, experienced less anxiety, and exhibited greater self-efficacy compared to those who relied on traditional methods. A recent cross-cultural analysis involving participants from Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Spain, and Poland, who were studying various majors, indicated that positive motivational effects are most pronounced when tools prioritize autonomy, self-direction, and critical thinking. These findings resonate with a broader systematic review of generative AI tools, which reported positive impacts on student motivation and engagement across cognitive, emotional, and behavioral dimensions.

An upcoming meta-analysis from my team at the University of Alabama, synthesizing 71 studies, corroborates these trends. We discovered that, on average, generative AI tools yield moderate positive effects on motivation and engagement. The impact is more pronounced when tools are used regularly over time rather than sporadically. Furthermore, positive outcomes were observed when teachers provided guidance, students retained control over their use of the tool, and the tool’s output was consistently reliable.

But there are caveats. More than 50 of the studies we reviewed did not draw on a clear theoretical framework of motivation, and some used methods that we found were weak or inappropriate. This raises concerns about the quality of the evidence and underscores how much more careful research is needed before one can say with confidence that AI nurtures students’ intrinsic motivation rather than just making tasks easier in the moment.

When AI backfires

There is also research that paints a more sobering picture. A large study of more than 3,500 participants found that while human–AI collaboration improved task performance, it reduced intrinsic motivation once the AI was removed. Students reported more boredom and less satisfaction, suggesting that overreliance on AI can erode confidence in their own abilities.

Another study suggested that while learning achievement often rises with the use of AI tools, increases in motivation are smaller, inconsistent or short-lived. Quality matters as much as quantity. When AI delivers inaccurate results, or when students feel they have little control over how it is used, motivation quickly erodes. Confidence drops, engagement fades and students can begin to see the tool as a crutch rather than a support. And because there are not many long-term studies in this field, we still do not know whether AI can truly sustain motivation over time, or whether its benefits fade once the novelty wears off.

Not all AI tools work the same way

The impact of AI on student motivation is not one-size-fits-all. Our team’s meta-analysis shows that, on average, AI tools do have a positive effect, but the size of that effect depends on how and where they are used. When students work with AI regularly over time, when teachers guide them in using it thoughtfully, and when students feel in control of the process, the motivational benefits are much stronger.

We also saw differences across settings. College students seemed to gain more than younger learners, STEM and writing courses tended to benefit more than other subjects, and tools designed to give feedback or tutoring support outperformed those that simply generated content.

There is also evidence that general-use tools like ChatGPT or Claude do not reliably promote intrinsic motivation or deeper engagement with content, compared to learning-specific platforms such as ALEKS and Khanmigo, which are more effective at supporting persistence and self-efficacy. However, these tools often come with subscription or licensing costs. This raises questions of equity, since the students who could benefit most from motivational support may also be the least likely to afford it.

These and other recent findings should be seen as only a starting point. Because AI is so new and is changing so quickly, what we know today may not hold true tomorrow. In a paper titled The Death and Rebirth of Research in Education in the Age of AI, the authors argue that the speed of technological change makes traditional studies outdated before they are even published. At the same time, AI opens the door to new ways of studying learning that are more participatory, flexible and imaginative. Taken together, the data and the critiques point to the same lesson: Context, quality and agency matter just as much as the technology itself.

Why it matters for all of us

The lessons from this growing body of research are straightforward. The presence of AI does not guarantee higher motivation, but it can make a difference if tools are designed and used with care and understanding of students’ needs. When it is used thoughtfully, in ways that strengthen students’ sense of competence, autonomy and connection to others, it can be a powerful ally in learning.

But without those safeguards, the short-term boost in performance could come at a steep cost. Over time, there is the risk of weakening the very qualities that matter most – motivation, persistence, critical thinking and the uniquely human capacities that no machine can replace.

For teachers, this means that while AI may prove a useful partner in learning, it should never serve as a stand-in for genuine instruction. For parents, it means paying attention to how children use AI at home, noticing whether they are exploring, practicing and building skills or simply leaning on it to finish tasks. For policymakers and technology developers, it means creating systems that support student agency, provide reliable feedback and avoid encouraging overreliance. And for students themselves, it is a reminder that AI can be a tool for growth, but only when paired with their own effort and curiosity.

Regardless of technology, students need to feel capable, autonomous and connected. Without these basic psychological needs in place, their sense of motivation will falter – with or without AI.