EXCLUSIVE: In a significant development, Israeli bulldozers demolished structures at the UNRWA headquarters on Tuesday. This action follows Israel’s legislation last year that prohibits the agency’s operations within its territory. Meanwhile, a new documentary has brought renewed attention to the contentious United Nations agency, highlighting its alleged ties with Hamas militants and the purported allowance of antisemitic content in its educational programs.

Philippe Lazzarini, Commissioner-General of UNRWA, decried the demolition, labeling it a breach of international law. In contrast, Israeli officials defended the action, stating that the site had been inactive and the demolition was executed in compliance with Israeli regulations.

This event unfolds just weeks after the United Nations General Assembly extended UNRWA’s mandate until 2029. The decision faced increasing dissent and abstentions from several Western nations. The renewal comes amid ongoing scrutiny of the agency, particularly after Israeli authorities released footage allegedly showing UNRWA employees involved in the Hamas-led attack on October 7, 2023. While these claims are still under investigation, UNRWA has reportedly terminated several staff members implicated in the incident.

Throughout the conflict in Gaza, the Israeli military has reportedly uncovered weapons, tunnel entrances, and other Hamas-related infrastructure within UNRWA-operated facilities, including schools.

Heavy machinery is seen dismantling the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees (UNRWA) headquarters in East Jerusalem on January 20, 2026. (Ammar Awad/Reuters)

Last week, Fox News Digital reported that UNRWA USA acknowledged speculation that the Trump administration might classify UNRWA as a foreign terrorist organization. Agency officials have since urged congressional staff to resist this potential designation.

Last October, Secretary of State Marco Rubio, talking to reporters in Israel, reiterated the Trump administration’s policy to the U.N. and UNRWA. “The United Nations is here. They’re on the ground. We’re willing to work with them if they can make it work, but not UNRWA. UNRWA became a subsidiary of Hamas.”

The new documentary titled “UNraveling UNRWA” is now drawing renewed attention to the agency’s structure, history and political role.

The film examines UNRWA from its establishment in 1949 to its operations today. It features interviews with refugees, Arab and Israeli voices, as well as former UNRWA officials.

Participants in the film argue that UNRWA has long promoted U.N. General Assembly Resolution 194, a 1948 measure Palestinians interpret as granting refugees and their descendants the right to return to homes inside Israel, an idea the documentary shows has helped perpetuate refugee status rather than resolve it.

A man stands in Gaza with UNRWA aid. (Reuters)

Zlatko Zigic, former director of the U.N. migration agency from 1997 to 2017, says in the film that “the problem of UNRWA is the concept of endless struggle of Palestinians to return,” adding that maintaining a right of return to Israel has “become a tool to perpetuate the conflict.”

The documentary also includes scenes filmed inside UNRWA schools, showing classroom lessons in which children are taught that they will one day return to land inside Israel. In one scene presented in the film, Jews are referred to as “the wolves,” and a teacher asks elementary school students, “What did the Jews do to us?” before telling them they were expelled and deported, that their families were killed, and they should be grateful to UNRWA, who built refugee camps for them.

In an interview with Fox News Digital, former UNRWA legal adviser James Lindsay, who also appears in the film, said that dynamic lies at the heart of what he believes is a systemic problem.

“The main problem in oversight has to do, I’m pretty sure, likely at the ground level where the local authorities, in this case we’re talking about Gaza, so we’re talking about Hamas,” Lindsay said. “The people who work for UNRWA are subject, yes, to UNRWA, but they are even more importantly subject to the local authorities,” in this case Hamas.

A Palestinian boy walks near an UNRWA school sheltering displaced people that was hit in an an overnight Israeli strike, in Gaza City, July 5, 2025. (Dawoud Abu Alkas/Reuters)

Lindsay said that while donor governments may see detailed paperwork and reporting, the reality on the ground can look very different.

He said UNRWA leadership historically did not attempt to bar Hamas members from employment, arguing that the organization viewed Hamas as part of Palestinian political life.

“UNRWA has made no effort to keep Hamas out,” Lindsay said. “The position for the commissioners-general has been that UNRWA does not have a problem with Hamas.”

He described an environment in which local staff and contractors faced severe pressure from Hamas, creating incentives to comply with demands rather than risk retaliation.

An IDF infographic with descriptions of what it claims are the UNRWA workers that took part in the Oct 7 massacre. (IDF Spokesman’s Unit)

“If Hamas comes to you and says, we would like maybe 5% of the concrete you’re using, or maybe you need to show 5% more food was distributed than actually was, you’re not going to say no,” he said. “If you don’t do what Hamas says, you’re not going to get fired. You’re going to have very bad things happen to you.”

Lindsay said those realities rarely reach senior international staff, who make up only a small fraction of UNRWA’s workforce in Gaza.

“In Gaza you’re talking about maybe 12,000 -13,000 total staff members, of whom maybe 25 are actual internationals,” he said.

He said that over time, many humanitarian workers developed what the U.S. State Department refers to as “clientitis,” a phenomenon in which aid organizations begin to identify politically with the populations they serve.

This picture taken during a media tour organised by the Israeli army on February 8, 2024, shows Israeli soldiers inside an evacuated compound of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees (UNRWA) in Gaza City. (Jack Guez/AFP via Getty Images)

“Humanitarian organizations have begun to identify with the people to whom they’re providing humanitarian aid,” Lindsay said. “In that case, that means identifying with one strain of the Palestinian political scene, which is Hamas.”

Lindsay said he initially believed UNRWA could be reformed but later concluded the agency’s structure made meaningful reform impossible.

“It can’t be reformed in the sense that it’s not allowed to reform by the governmental people in charge,” he said. “It’s also difficult to reform UNRWA because the members of UNRWA have become what the State Department calls clientitis.”

He also criticized the agency’s handling of educational content, saying teachers in UNRWA schools were subject to the same threats and coercion as other staff.

UNRWA’s headquarters in Gaza City, Gaza on Feb. 21, 2024.  (Dawoud Abo Alkas/Anadolu via Getty Images)

“What are people going to do under a murderous totalitarian government like Hamas?” Lindsay said. “They’re not going to take their chances.”

Following the General Assembly’s recent vote to renew UNRWA’s mandate, Lindsay said the agency views the outcome as a vote of confidence but noted that opposition is growing.

“In 2022, there was one vote against renewing the mandate and 10 abstentions,” he said. “Most recently, there were 10 votes against and 18 abstentions. The movement is against UNRWA because of the things that have been brought out over the last few years, particularly since Oct.7 of 2023.”

He added that while UNRWA enjoys broad support among U.N. member states, those countries are not the agency’s primary funders.

A Palestinian boy carries an aid box provided by UNRWA, amid a ceasefire between Hamas and Israel, in Gaza City, February 3, 2025. REUTERS/Dawoud Abu Alkas

“The vast majority of countries in the U.N. are anti-West and are certainly pro-UNRWA,” Lindsay said. “But donors are the ones that count because the money all comes from voluntary donations, largely by Western countries, the same countries that are becoming nervous. And that is, I think, a real threat to the continuation of UNRWA.”