In a decisive ruling on Wednesday, a federal judge in Washington, D.C., reinstated the legal status of an Indian woman involved in an international exchange program. The ruling sharply criticizes the actions taken by the Trump administration against international college students, describing them as “unlawful.”

The 20-page opinion is part of a series of legal battles where judges have intervened to reinstate the legal statuses of students after Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) abruptly ended their statuses in April 2025, affecting thousands.

The case centers on Mansi Reddy Bushireddy, who was one of many students affected by ICE’s termination of their statuses in the Student and Exchange Visitor Information System (SEVIS).

On April 11, 2025, Bushireddy filed a lawsuit claiming that ICE’s actions violated the Administrative Procedure Act (APA), which regulates how federal agencies develop and issue regulations. Shortly after filing, she secured a temporary restraining order from U.S. District Judge Sparkle L. Sooknanan, appointed by President Joe Biden.

Since the lawsuit, ICE has made significant changes, including reversing the decision to terminate SEVIS records.

The opinion details that “ICE has restored Ms. Bushireddy’s SEVIS record to active status,” introduced new internal policies for terminating SEVIS records, and assured that her record will not be re-terminated due to a previously dismissed shoplifting charge. As a result, the Government claims the lawsuit is now moot, arguing the court can no longer provide additional relief.

Bushireddy, however, disagreed. So did the judge.

“ICE has not carried its ‘heavy burden’ of proving that the challenged conduct cannot reasonably be expected to recur,” Sooknanan says.

To hear the court tell it, “ICE’s actions” since the litigation began “do not make ‘absolutely clear’ that it will not resume the challenged conduct,” despite some assurances from the agency that it has “no plans to re-terminate” her.

That is, in terms both specific — to Bushireddy — and general — to other international students — the court is not taking ICE at its word.

In the plaintiff’s case, ICE “offers no guarantee that it would not terminate her record in [the] future for some other comparable event that is similarly untethered to the appropriate statutory and regulatory bases for termination,” the court observes.

When it comes to how the SEVIS-ending efforts drew to a close, the court was not convinced by the purported protections for students.

From the opinion, at length:

The [new] policy affirms that [ICE] can terminate SEVIS records when there is “evidence” that an individual has failed to maintain status but sets no additional guardrails for how the agency makes that determination. As a result, it does nothing to prevent ICE from again invoking that basis inappropriately…As other courts in this District have noted, “when [a] revised policy ‘disadvantages’ the plaintiff ‘in the same fundamental way,’ there may be serious doubts about whether the promulgation of the new policy has any significant effect on the action.”

The court also ruled on the merits of case, finding the termination of Bushireddy’s SEVIS record a “final agency action” under the APA from “which legal consequences…flow.”

“Termination of a student’s SEVIS record requires them to leave the country immediately,” the court notes. “And DHS’s website advises that students whose SEVIS records are terminated for failure to maintain status lose their employment authorization and may be investigated by ICE to confirm their departure.”

And, the court notes, while Bushireddy ultimately was not deported, the action taken by ICE in the first place has resulted in a series of “effects” due to the “alleged violation” which do not just go away.

Again the opinion, at length:

ICE acknowledges that while it has reset Ms. Bushireddy’s SEVIS designation to “active,” her record will continue to reflect her “prior termination” and subsequent “restoration.” This is because “the event history for a given record cannot be deleted from the system.” ICE also acknowledges that after it terminated Ms. Bushireddy’s SEVIS record, the State Department revoked her F-1 visa. Ms. Bushireddy represents that this revocation “remains in place” and that at some point she “will be required to attend a new interview at a consulate” to get a new visa.

In a footnote, the court says the knock-on effects of the wholesale SEVIS-ending dragnet mean thousands of other international students are still suffering from improperly canceled visas.

“The Court is outraged by the series of events that unfolded that led to the revocation of thousands of student visas,” the footnote reads. “ICE referred lists to the State Department with a nudge that it review those students’ active F-1 visas. The State Department then revoked visas for thousands of those students, a decision that is unreviewable by any court.”