ROUNDUP, Mont. – Pat Thiele, a former ranch worker, has spent years struggling against the advance of an immense coal mine edging closer to his land in central Montana.

The mine is operated by Signal Peak Energy, which holds a billion-ton coal reserve in the Bull Mountains, near Thiele’s residence. The operation seemed likely to benefit from President Donald Trump’s efforts to rejuvenate the struggling coal industry. These commitments have been strongly reaffirmed in his second term through new deregulatory measures in mining. Furthermore, a Republican-supported tax bill currently progressing in Congress includes a provision tailored to facilitate the mine’s expansion.

However, Thiele and his neighbors find some optimism in Trump’s “America first” global trade strategy. The Signal Peak mine exports 98% of its extracted coal to Japan and South Korea. They believe that if tariffs provoke a trade conflict, it might unintentionally hinder the mine’s growth initiatives—plans that their legal actions have only been able to delay thus far.

In effect, an escalating trade war could undermine Trump’s goal of saving coal.

“As long as they’ve got somebody to buy it, they’ll keep mining,” said Thiele. “But a reaction could conceivably come from Japan and South Korea saying, ‘Well, if you’re going to tariff our shipbuilding or our products, fine, we’re not buying your damn coal.’”

The view from western coal country

Thiele, 77, assessed the situation as he stood atop a hillside charred by a wildfire. The former Army Ranger who served two combat tours in Vietnam took in a commanding view of the valley below, where his small herd of cattle grazed.

He’s a political outlier in rural Musselshell County, Montana, where mining has been a bedrock of the economy for more than a century. It stands to benefit more than most places from Trump’s efforts, which for the most part have only slowed coal’s demise.

Eighty-five percent of Musselshell voters backed Trump in the 2024 presidential election. They viewed his victory as a reprieve from former President Joe Biden’s anti-coal policies, said Musselshell County Commission Chairman Robert Pancratz.

But worries tariffs could undermine coal’s comeback aren’t confined to Trump’s opponents.

“We’re thrilled that he’s for coal,” Pancratz said, “and I believe in principle what he is trying to do with the tariffs is to make for more equitable trade.”

“But there may be some fall-out, you know, unintended consequences of all these things.”

Many fear the impact a trade war could have on the local economy. Experts say that’s a legitimate worry.

Coal analyst Seth Feaster said the implications for Signal Peak and other U.S. miners could cut two ways: Countries that don’t reach a deal on tariffs could retaliate against U.S. exports, reducing demand for its coal. Or countries like South Korea and Japan could be willing to use energy supplies as leverage to reach an agreement, cementing their status as markets for western coal.

“It’s pretty clear the administration is very coal-forward and will use energy as a negotiating tool in whatever trade agreements it’s trying to establish,” Feaster said.

The art of the deal?

The bulk of U.S coal mined to use as power plant fuel comes from a handful of huge pit mines in the Powder River Basin of northeastern Wyoming and southeastern Montana. Wyoming Gov. Mark Gordon, a Republican, pitched the state’s coal on a recent trade trip to Japan and Taiwan.

“It’s probably a bit of a long shot, but if we don’t try, there won’t be any opportunity at all. And I do think that both countries have come to the realization that they can’t be 100% renewable,” Gordon said.

Signal Peak has almost 300 workers, making it a major employer in the region. Taxes and other payments by the company account for about a third of Musselshell County’s revenue.

Several years ago, the mine was the subject of a broad corruption investigation that led to convictions of former mine employees and associates for embezzlement, tax evasion, bank fraud, money laundering, drug trafficking and firearms violations. In 2021, the company pleaded guilty to violating environmental and employee safety regulations under an agreement with federal prosecutors that included a $1 million fine.

Signal Peak CEO Parker Phipps was asked about the mine’s criminal record by Rep. Yassamin Ansari during a congressional hearing last week.

“This is the kind of company that Republicans want to sell off our federal lands to without proper review, especially of the climate impacts,” said the Arizona Democrat. “Frankly, I think that’s a disgrace.”

Phipps said the investigations were before his time and that the company ultimately cooperated with authorities. The coal executive warned the company could “begin winding operations down” at the end of 2025 unless the expansion is approved.

Montana Republican Rep. Troy Downing, who sponsored the House provision to allow the mine to expand, acknowledged during an interview that the uncertainty surrounding tariffs causes “discomfort.”

“It really comes down to, forgive me for saying this, the art of the deal,” Downing said, referring to Trump’s book touting his business acumen. “Look at what President Trump has been doing in actually getting trading partners to the table.”

Global coal production reached an all-time high last year, approaching roughly 10 billion tons (more than 9 billion metric tons) and dampening international efforts to curb emissions from burning a fuel that scientists say is a major contributor to global warming. Much of that growth was driven by Asia, where new coal plants keep springing up to power expanding economies.

The U.S. coal industry, meanwhile, has been on an almost two-decade decline as more domestic utilities switch to cleaner fuels. That means exports account for a growing share of revenue. They topped 100 million tons last year after previously peaking under former President Barack Obama.

Even if tariffs don’t hurt U.S. miners, efforts by U.S. coal companies to capitalize on international demand have long been hindered by a lack of access to West Coast ports. Hauling it hundreds of miles by rail, then across the Pacific Ocean, drives up the cost of exporting coal.

“Most of it’s pure geography. The coal, there’s no problem with selling the coal, but the problem is you’ve got, you know, a thousand miles of rail to get it to the nearest port,” said Andrew Blumenfeld, a coal industry analyst at McCloskey by OPIS.

Signal Peak solved that problem by securing a rail route that allows it to ship through a Canadian port in British Columbia. Trump’s rocky relationship with Canada could complicate things on that front.

A realist’s view

Weary from the long fight to save his land, Thiele has become a realist. This isn’t the first time he’s had a reason to think the Bull Mountains mine might close.

There was the 2008 financial crisis, when coal demand plummeted. Then came the COVID pandemic that rocked economies and industries worldwide. And the back-and-forth between Republican and Democratic administrations in Washington has added to the unpredictability.

“When I first got involved in trying to defend myself here, I had hopes we could actually stop the mine and close it,” he said.

Now he greets the possibility that a trade war could do what the long legal fight couldn’t with hard-earned skepticism.

“That’s a faint hope,” he said.

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Gruver reported from Cheyenne, Wyoming.