Meet Ayatollah Ali Khamenei: The Supreme Leader of Iran

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Ayatollah Ali Khamenei has led Iran as its supreme leader for over thirty years since succeeding Ruhollah Khomeini, who passed away in 1989.

Initially perceived as a weak candidate and unlikely to carry on the late founder’s legacy, Khamenei has progressively strengthened his authority, becoming the ultimate decision-maker in Iran.

However, the unprecedented attacks by Israel on Iran this month have posed the most significant crisis he has faced, endangering both the religious structure he governs and his own physical safety.

At 86 years old, the question of who will succeed Khamenei was already significant within Iran.

Arash Azizi, a senior fellow at Boston University with expertise in Middle Eastern politics, notes that the “twilight of his rule” has been “hastened” due to Israel’s actions.

Who is Ayatollah Ali Khamenei?

Khamenei is one of Iran’s longest-serving leaders. Since becoming the supreme leader in 1989, Khamenei has held ultimate authority over all branches of government, the military and the judiciary.

While elected officials manage day-to-day affairs, no major policy proceeds without his explicit approval.

Khamenei has held several posts since the Islamic Revolution and the creation of the Islamic Republic.

As deputy defence minister and later president throughout much of the 1980s — including most of the Iran-Iraq War — he developed a close relationship with Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps (IRGC), a branch of Iran’s military established after the Islamic Revolution. In 1981, he was the target of an attempted assassination that paralysed his right arm.

When his predecessor Khomeini died in 1989, Khamenei was considered a surprise choice as his successor, given that he lacked both Khomeini’s popular appeal and superior clerical credentials.

Lacking the religious credentials of Khomeini, Khamenei has often relied on his complex security network, including the IRGC and the Basij — a force made up of hundreds of thousands of volunteer paramilitaries — to suppress opposition.

An elderly man with a long beard, wearing a black robe and turban, is sitting, speaking into a microphone, with a green curtain behind him.

Ayatollah Ali Khamenei has served as Iran’s supreme leader for over three decades. Source: Anadolu / Getty images

Karim Sadjadpour, a senior fellow at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, where he focuses on Iran and US foreign policy toward the Middle East said “an accident of history” had transformed a “weak president to an initially weak supreme leader to one of the five most powerful Iranians of the last 100 years”.

He is deeply sceptical of the West, particularly the US, which he accuses of seeking regime change. Yet he has shown a willingness to bend when the survival of the Islamic Republic is at stake.

The concept of “heroic flexibility”, first mentioned by Khamenei in 2013, allows for tactical compromises to advance his goals, mirroring Khomeini’s decision in 1988 to accept a ceasefire after eight years of war with Iraq.

Khamenei’s guarded endorsement of Iran’s 2015 nuclear deal with six world powers was another such moment, as he calculated that sanctions relief was necessary to stabilise the economy and cement his grip on power.

His influence is also greatly supported by the Setad, a large financial empire valued in the tens of billions, directly controlled by Khamenei and significantly expanded during his leadership.

Billions of dollars have been invested in the IRGC for decades to help them empower Shi’ite militias in Iraq, Lebanon and Yemen and back Syria’s former president Bashar al-Assad, whose government was overthrown in 2024.

It was the IRGC who crushed the protests that exploded after Mahmoud Ahmadinejad’s 2009 re-election as Iranian president amid allegations of vote fraud, which was also criticised by Western countries.

In 2022, Khamenei was just as ruthless in arresting, imprisoning or sometimes executing protesters enraged by the death of Amini.

Strikes intensify ‘already simmering tensions’

But the current conflict with Israel appears to represent a sudden end to this strategy.

Jason Brodsky, policy director of US-based United Against Nuclear Iran, said: “He has prided himself on deterring conflict away from Iran’s borders since he assumed the supreme leadership in 1989.”

The scale of Israel’s first attacks on Iran last week — which killed key Iranian figures including the army chief and head of the Revolutionary Guards — took the leadership by surprise at a time when it has been on the lookout for any further protests amid economic hardship.

Holly Dagres, senior fellow at the Washington Institute, who specialises in Iranian social movements, said: “Indeed, the strikes have intensified already simmering tensions, and many Iranians want to see the Islamic Republic gone.”

“Crucially, however, most of them do not want this outcome to come at the cost of bloodshed and war,” she said.

As Khamenei faces one of the most dangerous moments in the Islamic Republic’s history, the so-called “Axis of Resistance” coalition with Iranian-backed militant and political groups across the Middle East to oppose Israeli and US power has also started to unravel.

Ever since the Iran-backed Hamas attacked Israel in October 2023, Khamenei’s regional influence has been weakening, as Israel has pounded Iran’s proxies — from Hamas in Gaza to Hezbollah in Lebanon, the Houthis in Yemen and militias in Iraq.