As you browse through social media these days, you’ve likely encountered the buzzword ‘peptides’ making waves across various platforms.

Touted as the key to shedding pounds, speeding up recovery, reversing aging, and building muscle, the claims are tempting. However, it’s important to proceed with caution.

In my professional experience, I’ve noticed a growing number of patients inquiring about peptide injections offered by so-called ‘longevity’ or ‘wellness’ centers. Many are unaware of what they’re actually receiving, its legal status, or the potential long-term consequences.

Before you get swept up in the excitement, here’s what you should consider.

What are peptides?

To put it simply, peptides are small chains composed of amino acids.

While some peptides occur naturally within the body to control growth, repair, and metabolism, others are synthetically produced to mimic or boost these natural processes.

A few are proven, doctor-prescribed medicines. Many others are experimental products that have not been properly tested in humans.

Dr Brad McKay has a warning for anyone thinking about taking peptides 

How are peptides different from steroids?

Peptides and steroids are both used to enhance performance or appearance, but they work in very different ways.

Steroids are synthetic versions of hormones like testosterone that act directly on the body’s hormonal systems.

Peptides, on the other hand, are smaller chains of amino acids that signal the body to release or produce certain substances, such as growth hormone.

In theory, that makes peptides seem ‘gentler’ or more natural. In practice, both can disrupt the body’s natural balance and cause serious side effects if used inappropriately.

The difference in mechanism doesn’t mean peptides are automatically safer.

Why are people suddenly talking about peptides?

‘Peptides’ has become a softer term that makes people feel more comfortable than saying ‘hormones’.

Many peptides are sold for ‘anti-ageing’ or ‘recovery’ – but do they actually make a difference? (stock image)

In some cases, clinics that describe themselves as peptide specialists are actually prescribing testosterone or other hormones under that label.

Influencers and self-described biohackers are also responsible for much of the buzz, claiming peptides can transform everything from energy to appearance.

When are peptides legally prescribed in Australia?

Only in very specific situations. A small number of peptide-based medicines are approved by the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) and can be prescribed by a qualified doctor for certain medical conditions.

Peptides that are not registered for use in Australia can be accessed through the Special Access Scheme (SAS). Doctors are required to apply to the TGA on behalf of individual patients, presenting a case to import and prescribe unapproved medication tailored to the patient’s specific needs. 

However, many of the products sold online or offered through ‘anti-ageing’ clinics are not approved, not regulated and not legal to sell for performance or image enhancement.

Peptides can be prescribed after having a medical consultation with a registered doctor. This process involves taking a medical history, conducting a physical examination, and receiving a diagnosis, a discussion of approved options, informed consent and follow-up monitoring such as blood tests.

If a clinic is promising ‘quick access’ or delivering injections by mail after an online form, that should be a warning sign.

Are some of these substances banned in sport?

Yes. The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) bans a broad range of peptides and growth factors because they can enhance performance and provide athletes with an unfair advantage in professional sports. However, many of these substances are experimental, poorly studied, and potentially dangerous to your health. These are not harmless supplements. 

Do peptides really build muscle, burn fat or slow ageing?

There is very little reliable evidence that they do.

Some may help increase lean muscle in certain studies, but that does not necessarily mean they improve strength or long-term health.

For the many peptides sold for ‘anti-ageing’ or ‘recovery’, there are no large human studies showing they work safely. People sharing before-and-after photos online are not scientific proof.

What are the downsides and risks to using peptides?

• Unknown long-term safety: Many unapproved peptides have only been tested in animals or are still in the early stages of human research. We do not yet understand how these substances affect the human body in the long term.

• Liver and organ damage: Peptides are often broken down by the liver or cleared by the kidneys, which can lead to inflammation of these organs and potentially cause long-term harm.

• Cancer concerns: Peptides that promote cell growth might also stimulate tumor or cancer cell growth. While this risk is currently theoretical and can depend on individual factors like pre-existing conditions, lifestyle, and genetics, we need more research to fully understand the safety profile of many peptides, both in the short and long term.

• Quality control: Peptides bought online may have incorrect dosages, contain unexpected substances, or may not even contain any of the expected ingredients at all.

• Infection risk: If not properly prepared, stored, or transported, peptides can be contaminated with bacteria or viruses. Additionally, self-injection carries the risk of serious infections, either in the skin or bloodstream.

• Hormonal changes: Peptides can disrupt normal hormone levels, and prolonged use may lead to mood swings, affect sexual function, alter libido, or even result in infertility.

• Cardiovascular risks: Some peptides raise cholesterol levels, elevate blood pressure, and cause fluid retention. This can ultimately increase the risk of heart attacks, blood clots, and strokes.

Are ‘peptide clinics’ legal?

Many ‘peptide clinics’ operate in a legal gray area, importing peptides that have not been approved or authorized for use by the TGA, or compounding them locally in pharmacies. 

Patients may be informed that the peptides prescribed are not approved for human use in Australia and could be asked to sign consent forms to protect the clinic or doctor from liability. 

However, consenting to an unapproved product does not guarantee safety. If complications arise, patients bear the health consequences while doctors may still face regulatory actions. 

Is buying peptides online safe?

Buying peptides online is not safe. There’s no way to ensure you’re buying a legitimate product, and if something goes wrong, you might find yourself chasing a nonexistent clinic or sending letters to an empty warehouse. 

What do peptides cost and are they covered by Medicare?

Legitimate, medically approved peptides prescribed for specific conditions may be subsidised under the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS). However, peptides sold through wellness, anti-ageing, or longevity clinics typically do not qualify for a PBS subsidy. 

Depending on the clinic and products offered, costs can range from $300 to $800 per month, in addition to consultation, procedural, administration, or injection fees. These expenses are generally not covered by Medicare or most private health insurance plans. 

Are peptides really as life-changing as people say?

Some people will tell you that peptides changed their life, but everyone reacts differently. Treatment that makes one person feel fantastic could cause serious complications in another. Also, short-term gains may not result in longer-term health benefits. 

If you are curious about peptides, speak with your doctor first. If there’s a legitimate medical reason, approved treatments can be prescribed safely and carefully monitored. Be extremely cautious about anything not approved by the TGA. Don’t assume that something banned in sport is going to be good for you. If you are offered a peptide treatment, make sure you understand exactly what it is, whether it’s approved or not, and who is responsible if something goes wrong.

The bottom line is that peptides are not a harmless shortcut to achieving bigger muscles, flawless skin, or a longer lifespan. While some have legitimate medical uses when prescribed appropriately, many products sold online or in “longevity” clinics are unregulated and potentially risky.

Until more is known, anyone using unapproved peptides is taking part in a live experiment.

Dr Brad McKay is a medical practitioner, author, TV host and media commentator. This article contains general information only and is not a substitute for medical advice. Always consult your doctor for guidance tailored to you.