U.S. tariffs of 50% are poised to hit roughly $20 billion worth of Canadian goods.
WASHINGTON — U.S. President Donald Trump’s 50% tariffs on a wide range of Canadian imports took effect Saturday, after last-minute trade negotiations collapsed without a deal.
The new duties are expected to cover about 5% of Canada’s yearly exports to the United States, amounting to approximately $20 billion in products that include everything from hockey sticks to agricultural goods. Canadian Prime Minister Mark Carney responded swiftly Saturday, saying his government would introduce “dollar for dollar” retaliatory tariffs beginning Sept. 8.
With no additional talks currently on the calendar, the latest clash pushes the two neighbors further into a trade war that has rattled businesses and consumers on both sides of the border throughout Trump’s second term. The dispute marks a sharp deterioration in what had long been one of the world’s most stable and closely integrated trade relationships. Economists and trade specialists caution that higher tariffs typically raise costs for companies, with many of those expenses eventually passed on to consumers through higher prices.
“Nearly all industries and professions are likely to see downstream effects from this spiraling trade dispute,” said Augustine Lo, of law firm Dorsey & Whitney, whose work includes advising clients on international trade.
Which goods are affected?
In total, the 50% U.S. tariffs are expected to apply to about $20 billion in Canadian exports.
Canada ships the overwhelming share of its goods exports to the United States — 72% last year — making the new import taxes especially significant. The Trump administration says the tariffs will cover products such as hockey sticks, wine and cement, but the list extends much further. White House documents show the duties also apply to honey, seeds and other agricultural products, along with certain makeup, perfumes, clothing, jewelry, furniture, cameras, fabric and additional goods.
The 50% tariff will also cover some products that had previously been shielded under the U.S.-Mexico-Canada Agreement, the trade deal negotiated during Trump’s first term. That change represents a notable departure from earlier tariff actions and raises fresh uncertainty about the future of the USMCA itself.
How is Trump imposing these tariffs?
To impose these 50% tariffs, Trump reached back to a long-dormant Great Depression-era law: Section 338 of the Tariff Act of 1930.
When the U.S. and world economies were in collapse nearly a century ago, Congress passed the 1930 law as part of broader “Smoot-Hawley” legislation (named after its congressional sponsors). The act raised tariffs more generally across the board, and became notorious among economists for limiting world commerce and making the Great Depression worse. But Section 338 — which authorizes the president to slap import taxes of up to 50% on imports from countries that have discriminated against U.S. businesses — has never been used specifically to raise tariffs until now.
No investigation is required to justify the levies. Nor is there any limit on how long they can stay in place. Since there’s no precedent, however, the latest tariffs may also see more legal challenges.
When announcing his planned tariffs last month, Trump claimed that Canada was unfairly discriminating against U.S. exports of automobiles, alcohol and dairy products. The president expressed anger over Canada’s retaliation against his own tariffs last year — noting Canadian imports of American alcohol and cars started to fall last spring.
Is Canada retaliating?
Canada’s Carney quickly promised to match the new levies “dollar for dollar” — later announcing retaliation would begin Sept. 8. He noted Canada’s tariff increases would target steel, dairy, appliances, agricultural equipment, pulp and paper and electronics.
The prime minister said Canada was willing to drop remaining retaliatory tariffs on steel, aluminum and autos if the U.S. substantially lowered its own, and to encourage provinces to restore U.S. alcohol sales. But eventually, he said Washington’s final demands went too far.
Carney accused Washington of using “economic integration as a weapon,” and that Canada had been “attacked” by the latest U.S. tariffs. He said his country had the reserves and resilience to respond.
Trump’s top trade negotiator, Jamieson Greer, pledged additional measures to respond to Canada’s retaliation — without immediately specifying what that would look like. In a Saturday interview with “Fox & Friends Weekend,” Greer also claimed the administration offered to cut tariffs on steel, autos and lumber, but Canada “didn’t want” the deal.
What’s next?
Tariffs are taxes paid by importers, or businesses that buy goods from abroad. That typically trickles down to consumers through higher prices — and, as seen over the last year, can also create uncertainty for workers across affected sectors.
North America now has a “new tariff landscape,” Dave Townsend, a partner at law firm Dorsey & Whitney, said Saturday. He noted a big question is whether the latest levies prove to be temporary.
The 50% tariffs come on top of previously-imposed levies, including a 10% rate Trump slapped on Canada just last month ostensibly for failing to do enough to prevent imports produced by forced labor and separate sectoral levies impacting trading partners globally.
The growing trade sanctions on Canada underscore Trump’s willingness to risk breaking established alliances. And Canada’s reluctance to accept a deal may reflect recent experience.
Trump has repeatedly targeted Canada, even after instances where it made concessions following his demands. Some tolls on the newly opened Gordie Howe Bridge will be shared for 15 years, despite the fact that Canadians paid for the span linking Detroit and Windsor. Canada also withdrew a digital services tax last year. All the while, Trump has threatened more tariffs over everything from a TV ad criticizing his trade policies (later pulled by Ontario’s government ) to wildfires that blackened skies across North America.
Steeper tariffs have already contributed to higher inflation — but appeared to level off some in recent months, per researchers at the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, notably after the Supreme Court in February struck down some of Trump’s most sweeping levies.
Still, Saturday’s taxes against Canada mark the latest instance of Trump turning to other laws to impose tariffs. And more recently, Washington’s war with Iran has driven prices even higher. With the cost of living at the center of many voters’ minds in a midterm election year, political ramifications could mount for the Republican president in the coming months.
AP Writers Paul Wiseman in Washington and Rob Gillies in Toronto contributed.
