WASHINGTON (AP) — In 1987, central Texas experienced lethal flooding, leading some to believe they had mastered the worst of nature’s fury. However, the recent catastrophic flash floods, where an extraordinary amount of rain fell within hours claiming over 100 lives, challenged that belief.

Prior to 2021, a scorching heat wave seemed improbable for the usually mild Pacific Northwest and western Canada, yet it struck. Tropical Hawaii felt protected from wildfires caused by drought until it wasn’t. Similarly, many residents of inland North Carolina considered hurricanes to be a coastal concern until the remnants of Helene impacted them last year.

According to climate experts and official data, climate change is causing extreme weather events to become more frequent and severe. However, both people and governments tend to rely on outdated perceptions, failing to acknowledge the current reality of frequent extreme weather, not to mention the harsher conditions that lie ahead, experts in meteorology, disaster management, and public health told The Associated Press.

“What happens with climate change is that what used to be extreme becomes average, typical, and what used to never occur in a human lifetime or maybe even in a thousand years becomes the new extreme,” Princeton University climate scientist Michael Oppenheimer said. “We start to experience things that just basically never happened before.”

The 10-year summer average of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s climate extreme index, which tracks hurricanes, heavy rain, droughts and high and low temperatures, is 58% higher than it was in the 1980s.

Despite the grim trajectory, society isn’t acting with enough alarm, Oppenheimer said.

“There’s plenty of evidence that we sit there and do absolutely nothing while these risks are coming right at us like a moving railroad train and we’re standing in the tracks. And then all of a sudden, bam,” he said.

Shifting public perspective

Although the changing climate is the biggest problem, the way we react to or ignore the changes could make a bad situation worse, experts said.

Marshall Shepherd, a University of Georgia meteorology professor who previously served as president of the American Meteorological Society, said people tend to base decisions on how they fared during past extreme weather events, including storms that didn’t end up directly affecting them. This leaves them overly optimistic that they’ll also fare well today, even though storms have grown more fierce.

He points to the Texas flooding.

“That is flash flood alley. We know that floods happen in that region all the time. … I’ve already seen normalcy bias statements by people in the regions saying, well, we get flooding all the time,” Shepherd said, pointing out that the amount of rain that fell in only a few hours last week was anything but normal.

People need to shift how they think about disasters, even if they don’t live in the most disaster-prone locations, said Kim Klockow McClain, an extreme weather social scientist at the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research who studies communicating disaster warnings and risk.

“The message needs to be, if you’re used to some degree of nuisance flooding, every so often, look at what happened in Texas and realize that this is a shifting baseline,” she said.

Ignoring the problem won’t make it disappear

Time and again after catastrophic storms and wildfires, people whose lives were upended say they didn’t think it could happen to them. This mindset helps people cope, but with extreme weather happening more frequently and in more places, it can prevent them from adequately preparing.

“It’s sort of a psychological mechanism to protect us that it can’t happen to me,” said Susan Cutter, co-director of the Hazards Vulnerability & Resilience Institute at the University of South Carolina.

Surviving past extreme events can leave people believing that it won’t happen again or, if it does, that they’ll be fine, said Lori Peek, director of the Natural Hazards Center at the University of Colorado. She said this overconfidence can be dangerous: “Just because I’ve lived through a fire or a flood or a hurricane or a tornado, that does not mean that the next time is going to look like the last time.”

What’s being done

As the weather has grown more extreme, our ability to prepare for and react to it hasn’t kept pace, the scientists said.

“Infrastructure is aging in our country and is more vulnerable given the fact that there are just simply, as a matter of fact, more people living in harm’s way,” Peek said. “As our population has continued to rise, it’s not only that we have more people in the country, it’s also that we have more people living in particularly hazardous areas like our coastal areas.”

The Trump Administration’s mass layoffs and planned cuts to agencies that study climate and help warn of and deal with disasters — the Federal Emergency Management Agency, the National Weather Service and research labs at the National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration and the U.S. Geological Survey — could further worsen the situation, several experts said.

Smart and experienced people have already left these agencies and it could take years to make up for their knowledge and abilities, they said.

“We’re destroying the capability we have that we’re going to need more and more in the future,” Oppenheimer said.

As for future disasters, the country needs to figure out and plan for the worst-case scenario instead of looking to the past, Peek said.

“This is our future,” Peek said. “It’s obvious that we’re living into a future where there are going to be more fires and floods and heat waves.”

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