The weight loss drug Wegovy can reduce the risk of heart attacks and strokes by 20% in adults with heart disease and obesity, according to new research.
The trial is the first to show that a weight loss medication can help protect against serious heart problems in obese adults, potentially opening the door to a new treatment option for heart disease, the leading cause of death in the United States.
The findings could also have important implications for insurance coverage of the drugs. Currently, insurance companies are reluctant to provide coverage for weight loss drugs, and Medicare, by law, is barred from covering them.
“I think this will force insurance and Medicare to consider reimbursement,” said Dr. Eric Topol, a cardiologist and executive vice president of Scripps Research in California.
The results were presented on Saturday at the 2023 American Heart Association Scientific Sessions in Philadelphia and were simultaneously published in the New England Journal of Medicine.
“This is a pretty big deal,” said Dr. Michael Lincoff, the study’s lead author and a cardiologist at the Cleveland Clinic who presented the findings. “Just being overweight or having obesity is a risk factor for increased risk of heart disease, and yet we’ve had no treatment that addressed that specific risk factor.”
The trial included more than 17,600 adults ages 45 and up with heart disease who got either a weekly 2.4-milligram dose of semaglutide, which is the drug used in Wegovy, or a placebo. About three-quarters of the participants were men.
All of the study participants were either overweight or obese but did not have diabetes. Patients who had a heart attack or stroke within the last 60 days were not allowed to enroll in the trial.
After about three years of follow-up, there were cardiovascular events — such as heart attack, stroke or death linked to heart disease — in 569 of participants in the Wegovy group, compared to 701 participants in the placebo group. That corresponds to a 20% lower risk in people who took Wegovy.
“That is significant,” said Dr. Amit Khera, the director of the preventive cardiology program at UT Southwestern Medical Center in Texas. Khera co-authored an editorial that was published Saturday alongside the study in the New England Journal of Medicine.
A new treatment option like Wegovy would be a big deal for people with heart disease, Khera said. One of the risk factors is overweight or obesity, which affects about 70% of the U.S. population.
“We finally have some treatments that are not only very effective for weight loss, but also seem to be very beneficial for heart disease,” he said.
The findings are even more significant because older weight loss medications, like phentermine or orlistat, have not been shown to protect against serious heart problems, said Dr. Susan Spratt, an endocrinologist and the senior medical director for the Population Health Management Office at Duke Health in North Carolina. One weight loss drug, fen-phen, was taken off the U.S. market in the late ‘90s because it was linked to serious heart problems.
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“This is amazing evidence that semaglutide not only helps people with diabetes prevent devastating complications but also helps patients with obesity lose weight and avoid major adverse heart consequences,” said Spratt. (Semaglutide is also approved as a diabetes drug under the name Ozempic.)
Dr. Nishant Shah, a preventative cardiologist at Duke University Medical Center in Durham, North Carolina, said that researchers still don’t know exactly how the medication prevents serious heart problems in overweight patients.
It could be the result of the weight loss itself or some other mechanism in the drug, Shah said.
“That question is under investigation right now,” he said.
Lincoff, the study author, said that inflammation could potentially play a role. Inflammation can cause plaques in the arteries to rupture and form blood clots, leading to heart attacks and strokes.
In the trial, Lincoff said, patients taking the drug saw reductions in inflammation that were similar to the reductions seen in patients on statins.
That is “pretty sizeable,” he said.
Topol, of Scripps Research, said that additional research is still needed on how well the drug lowers cardiovascular risk in patients with obesity who do not have heart disease.
The Wegovy trial “was a very select group of patients because they all had heart disease,” he said. “We need a lot more work to find out if people who aren’t so high risk would benefit.”
Lincoff said additional analyses will be run over the next year, including looking at subgroups of patients, to understand exactly how the drug prevents heart problems and who could benefit.
“How much was through weight loss? How much was through the inflammation? How much was through the sugar control?” he said.
Obesity is a public health issue, Khera said, and more work is needed to address issues around equity.
“We also have to appreciate that these drugs are really expensive, and a lot of people will not be able to access them,” he said. “So as much as we’re looking at the drug, we still need to look upstream as to why we have obesity and downstream about people who can’t afford them.”
