The 2026 FIFA World Cup is set to be a monumental event, with a staggering 104 matches scheduled across 16 stadiums spread throughout Canada, the United States, and Mexico. This promises to be the largest celebration of soccer the world has ever seen.
As turfgrass researchers commissioned by FIFA, the responsibility falls on us to ensure that the playing surfaces are consistent for athletes and that the grass remains robust and vibrant throughout the tournament.
This task is far from straightforward. Initially, it appeared to be an insurmountable challenge, given the scope and complexity involved.
Picking the right turf
The logistical hurdles are immense, covering three distinct climatic regions and stretching over 5,000 kilometers from the northernmost to the southernmost venues. The stadiums range from the sun-drenched arenas of Mexico City and Miami to the enclosed NFL stadiums in Dallas and Atlanta, and further to the cooler locales of Boston and Toronto.
Despite these varied environments, FIFA mandates a stringent set of standards for field construction. The turf must be natural yet reinforced to withstand the wear and tear of numerous matches and ceremonies. Each field requires an automated irrigation system, efficient drainage, built-in vacuum and ventilation systems to maintain air circulation for the grass and soil, and artificial grow lights to ensure the grass remains healthy.
Each host city faces the challenge of meeting these rigorous specifications, tailoring solutions to their unique climatic and structural conditions.
Right now, eight of the 2026 host stadiums normally use artificial turf — how will they temporarily switch to real grass for the World Cup?
Even trickier, five of the stadiums have domes, which means the grass gets less sunlight. How can they keep the grass alive for eight weeks?
How can we make sure that a player competing in Philadelphia has the same on‑field experience as a player competing in Guadalajara or Seattle?
Our team at the University of Tennessee and Michigan State University has spent the past five years researching these questions to provide guidance to the host cities. Here, we’ll explore some of the most important questions we faced: which grass to grow, how it’s grown, how we plan to make it even stronger, and how to move it safely to each stadium.
Growing the grass
Typically, sod is grown on native soil. When harvested, the roots are cut, which shocks the plant and can delay root reestablishment for several weeks.
That wouldn’t work for the World Cup because games may take place within just 10 days of installation. If the roots can’t become established fast enough, the grass will be weaker and more prone to damage.
To address this, we decided to use sod grown on plastic with sand as a base.
Think of it like growing grass in a plastic tray, but on a much larger scale. When the roots reach the plastic, they spread sideways and intertwine, forming a dense rooting system. Because the roots stay intact during harvest, the sod experiences minimal stress and can be ready to play almost immediately after installation.
Sod for sports fields is typically grown in a base of sand to provide quick drainage and prevent the grass from getting compacted as the roots become established.
The problem is that growing grass in two inches of sand on a plastic sheet comes with risks. Because of the plastic, a single heavy rainfall while the grass is becoming established can wash the exposed sand away.
For warm‑season sod farmers — those that grow grass that thrives in high temperatures — sand washing away is less of a concern because the Bermudagrass they grow establishes quickly. On the other hand, cool‑season sod farmers usually grow Kentucky bluegrass, which germinates slowly compared to other turfgrass species, increasing the risk of washouts.
We decided to mix a faster‑germinating species — perennial ryegrass — with Kentucky bluegrass grown on plastic and then tested various seeding ratios. We found that an 84 per cent Kentucky bluegrass and 16 per cent perennial ryegrass mixture produced a stronger sod than pure Kentucky bluegrass alone four months after seeding. Since 2025, these findings have been used on sod farms across North America, beyond those growing grass for the World Cup.
Stabilising the surface
“One World Cup game is equal to a Super Bowl,” FIFA officials like to remind us. Since each field will host a lot of games and ceremonies, including up to nine games over six weeks, the fields need to be extremely strong.
To make them tougher, we mix plastic fibres into the natural grass, which creates a hybrid turfgrass system. As the grass grows, its roots wrap around these plastic fibres, which helps to keep the surface stable and firm. These fibres are also coloured to match the natural grass, so even if the real grass wears down, they help the field stay green.
Hybrid turfgrass systems can be created in two ways: by stitching plastic fibres into an existing grass field or by laying down a carpet of plastic fibres that is then filled with sand and seeded to grow new grass.
Stitched systems have been used in World Cup games for a long time, but carpet systems are still fairly new to the tournament — they have been used only in the 2023 Women’s World Cup.
We tested eight carpet systems to see how they performed and found that all could be successfully grown on plastic. All the surface performance tests — ball bounce, rotational resistance and surface hardness — on these eight carpets also met FIFA standards.
One type of carpet was chosen by three host cities for their stadiums: Vancouver, Los Angeles, and Philadelphia.
Getting the sod from farm to stadium
Most of the stadiums — 14 of them — will have sod that is grown on plastic, then rolled up and shipped to the venue during spring 2026. Some of the grasses won’t have to travel far, but some will be shipped in refrigerated trucks across the country. Since the sod remains fully intact after harvest, it can withstand long travel times.
Five of those stadiums don’t get enough sunlight, so they will use cool-season grasses that require less light than warm-season grasses.
While the open-air stadium in Miami will use Bermudagrass, the domed stadium in Houston, despite being at a similar latitude, will use the Kentucky bluegrass and perennial ryegrass mix. That means cross-country trips from cool-season sod farms in Denver and Washington to domed stadiums in the southern regions are essential.
It’s wild to think that this is all necessary, but the length of the tournament and unique stadium environments call for innovation.
John N Trey Rogers is a professor of turfgrass research at Michigan State University.
Jackie Lyn A Guevara is an assistant professor of turfgrass management at Michigan State University.
John Sorochan is a professor of plant sciences at University of Tennessee.
Ryan Bearss is a research assistant in plant, soil and microbial sciences at Michigan State University.
The University of Tennessee was the prime awardee of the FIFA grant. Michigan State University is a subawardee. Rogers is the principal investigator for the Michigan State work. Guevara is affiliated with Michigan State University. She received compensation through a FIFA grant awarded to Michigan State University. Sorochan is the principal investigator for the FIFA grant at the University of Tennessee. Bearss works for Michigan State University.
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