Two particular atmospheric conditions might be responsible for the severe migraines afflicting millions across the United States.
Approximately 40 million Americans, or about 12 to 15 percent of the population, endure migraines—intense headaches often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and heightened sensitivity to light and sound.
These debilitating headaches can be triggered by a myriad of factors, including poor posture, strong scents or loud noises, and certain indulgences like red wine and chocolate.
However, for many who suffer from migraines, identifying the exact cause is an ongoing challenge, often requiring a lengthy process of trial and error. Recently, medical experts have turned their attention to an often-overlooked trigger: the weather.
In an upcoming study set to be revealed this week, researchers, including doctors and meteorologists, have examined the relationship between weather patterns in the Northeastern United States and headache occurrences in patients who experience episodic migraines, defined as 15 or fewer instances per month.
The study identified two distinct weather patterns that are linked to a heightened risk of experiencing new headaches.
The first was an approaching cold front, or low-pressure system, with rain or snow.
In the second pattern, known as the Bermuda High, air pressure increases, bringing on sweltering heat, high humidity and rain or storms.
A new study has pinpointed two specific weather patterns that could trigger migraines in millions of Americans
The full study findings are not yet available, but experts believe air pressure and precipitation may trigger migraines by irritating blood vessels and sensitive nerves in the brain.
When storms or fronts move in, for example, barometric pressure – also known as air or atmospheric pressure – plummets, causing blood vessels in the brain to expand, stretching pain-sensitive nerves and triggering inflammation, which can bring on a migraine.
Environmental shifts have also been shown to shift levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin, which also results in increased inflammation.
‘Weather is one of the most common triggers for attacks of migraine headache,’ Dr Vincent Martin, study author and director of the Headache and Facial Pain Center at the University of Cincinnati’s Gardner Neuroscience Institute, said.
‘Our investigation suggests that specific storm patterns may help explain why weather-related headaches and migraines are so frequent in Cincinnati and the Midwest region.’
The findings are being presented at the American Headache Society Annual Scientific Meeting, which is held in Orlando from June 4 through June 7.
‘What is significant about this headache research is that we are one of the first to look at weather patterns with a combination of variables, instead of a single weather variable,’ Martin said.
‘We further examined those weather patterns by region and season.’
In the study, researchers compared thousands of headache diary entries from migraine patients across the Northeastern US participating in the HALO-EM and HALO-LTS studies, which were clinical trials measuring the effectiveness and safety of fremanezumab, an injection sold under the brand name Ajovy.
Experts believe weather changes can irritate blood vessels and pain-sensitive nerves in the brain, triggering migraines
Ajovy (pictured above) is a once monthly or once every three months injection that targets the protein CGRP, which transmits pain signals and induces inflammation in migraine patients
Ajovy is a once monthly or once every three months injection that targets Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide (CGRP), a protein that, for migraine patients, transmits pain signals and triggers inflammation.
Ajovy and similar medications like Emgality, Aimovig and Nurtec bind to CGRP and neutralize it so it cannot reach the brain’s pain receptors.
Ajovy is FDA approved for migraines in adults and children from ages six to 17.
The researchers in the new study linked headache data from the patient diaries to daily weather data from the National Climatic Data Center, which tracks four years of weather patterns in three-day windows.
Along with their weather conclusions, the team found at least six months of treatment with Ajovy significantly reduced the rate of migraines compared with no medications across all weather patterns, including those identified as strong triggers in the study.
‘We saw the weather and headache relationship wiped out with the use of this medication,’ Dr Fred Cohen, co-investigator and faculty member at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York City, said.
‘We started to notice its effectiveness as early as one month after the start of the medication.’
The researchers noted that while more studies are needed, the findings may offer clues for millions with migraines.
‘This is one of the first studies to suggest that a preventive medication might reduce the likelihood of a weather-associated headache,’ Dr Brinder Vij, lead study author and director of the Division of Headache Medicine at the University of Cincinnati Health, said.
For non-medical interventions, experts and patients recommend remedies such as hydrating, drinking caffeine, applying a cold compress or ice pack to your head, a gentle massage to the temples and shoulders and resting in a dark and quiet room.
