The rise of the American “upper middle class” is more significant than many realize, as numerous individuals remain unaware of their elevated economic status, believing they lead modest lives.

According to new research, the wealth of the middle class in the United States has reached unprecedented levels. This year’s report from the American Enterprise Institute (AEI) highlights that nearly 31% of Americans now fall into the “upper middle class” category, a substantial increase from just 10% in 1979.

For a typical family of three, this classification is defined by an annual income ranging between $133,000 and $400,000, focusing solely on earnings without considering assets like stock portfolios or real estate holdings.

Authors of the AEI report, Stephen Rose and Scott Winship, have observed a shift with more families moving into the higher income brackets of upper middle class and wealthy, while fewer remain in the lower income categories.

Yet, many individuals remain unaware of their ascent to this higher economic tier, perceiving themselves as merely living comfortably rather than being financially affluent.

In reality, those in the “upper middle class” often hold standard white-collar roles, rather than the high-profile CEO or tech mogul positions that are commonly envisioned.

‘I always thought of myself as ‘middle’ middle class,’ Randy Shilling, of Texas, told the Wall Street Journal. ‘I probably did better than I thought I would do.’ 

Shilling, 58, turned a petroleum engineering degree and an early chemical plant job into a steady career, a home on a golf course in Houston, Texas, and more than $3 million in retirement savings. 

Randy Shilling said he thought of himself as ‘middle’ middle class but according to new research would fall into the ‘upper middle class’ category. He is pictured with his wife Nanci

Lauren and Darren Shields live in New Jersey and earn around $240,000 a year

Like many, he more or less unknowingly rose into the higher end of the middle class. 

Yet the findings don’t suggest a nationwide climb upward – rising inflation and the cost of basic necessities have left many Americans teetering on the financial edge.

The effect trickles down even to high earners, helping explain why many do not see themselves as wealthy. 

‘I view myself as an average Joe. I don’t have to have a fancy car. I don’t have to have the greatest TV,’ Shilling told the WSJ. 

In the AEI report, families were sorted into five income groups, with three representing the middle class: lower middle, core middle and upper middle. 

Using federal poverty guidelines, economists decided that families making between five and 15 times the poverty line fall into the upper middle class – setting the range at $133,000 to $400,000 a year. 

Families earning more than $400,000 are considered to fall into the ‘rich’ category. 

Texas resident Gabriel Martinez told the WSJ: ‘I’m very grateful to live in a nation where I don’t have to stay where my dad was.’

Eighty percent or more of those in the ‘upper middle class’ and ‘rich’ groups are in married or cohabiting households. A stock photo of a perfectly manicured neighborhood

Martinez now rakes in $180,000 a year at a big tech company, while his father earned less than $40,000 annually working for the state of Texas. 

Pew Research Center found similar trends, though it used a different benchmark, defining upper-income households as those earning more than twice the median – roughly $200,000 for a family of three in 2024. 

While incomes rose for everyone across the board after adjusting for inflation, the gains were far more pronounced among well-off families. 

‘Everybody is doing better, but the upper income households are especially,’ Richard Fry, senior researcher at Pew, told the WSJ.

Fry said this higher-earning group has experienced especially strong wealth gains fueled by rising home prices and recent stock market growth. 

Martinez, whose first job paid $50,000 a year, went into debt after buying an expensive car, while his wife, Anna, took on more than $100,000 in student loans for her master’s degree, according to the WSJ. 

After downgrading to a cheaper car, cutting back on dining out and clothing and moving up through a series of promotions and raises, the couple is now debt-free, with a healthy emergency fund and a home just outside of San Antonio.

He said one-off expenses, including a $4,000 medical bill from the birth of one of their children, are now easily manageable.

Waterfront homes in Washington near Bellevue with private piers and their own docks

‘We both grew up in households where costs like that were catastrophic,’ Martinez told the outlet.

Those in the ‘upper middle class’ have also benefited in part because wages have grown faster than prices over time, with white-collar workers, college graduates and, in some cases, married couples reaping the greatest rewards.

A 2021 analysis, which used comparable methodology to AEI’s report, revealed that 55 percent of individuals with a bachelor’s degree and 68 percent with a graduate degree find themselves within the ‘upper middle class.’ 

Couples who are married or living together also tend to have an edge, as two incomes allow them to split expenses and build savings together. 

Indeed, a striking 80 percent or more of those in the upper middle class and rich groups are in married or cohabiting households. 

The gains span generations, according to the WSJ, including baby boomers whose parents grew up during the Great Depression, and who have benefited from steady Social Security checks and decades of stock market gains they can now access.

Rising affluence across the country powering a consumer-driven US economy and reshaping the products and services companies offer. 

These are the ones that are often behind extreme purchases like $1,700 bassinets, artisanal pet food, premium gym memberships, luxury cruises and business-class airfare for relaxing journeys. 

A 2025 Wall Street Journal poll found that nearly 70 percent of Americans now say the American Dream of hard work leading to success is either dead or never existed

It is worth noting, however, that there is no universal definition of the middle class or upper middle class, and what seems like a hefty income in one place may feel sparce elsewhere. 

Even Americans who feel confident about their own finances often can’t shake a sense of worry about the economy as a whole. 

While they may be able to comfortably afford clothes and electronics, many still feel financially stretched when it comes to major milestones of the American Dream, such as homeownership and college tuition. 

‘I try not to think about it,’ Laura Shields, of New Jersey, told the WSJ. 

Shields, 46, and her husband took on credit card debt early on, lost $25,000 in the 2008-09 financial crisis when they sold their first property and were pushed to live paycheck to paycheck by child care costs for their two sons.

Stability began to return during the pandemic, when Shields saw raises at work and expenses eased. Today, the couple earns around $240,000 a year, giving them room to pay off debt, build savings and even splurge on a school trip to Europe. 

But being stable doesn’t mean being rich. Her older son is headed to college in two years, and she said she will ‘certainly’ need loans to help cover the undergraduate costs.

Confidence is even lower among younger generations. Shilling and his wife, Nanci, admitted they are clearly better off than their parents, who never went to college. He still drives a 2015 Ford, though the couple did indulge in a pool some years back. 

Since 2017 property prices have soared 81 percent and rents have climbed 54 percent

As for their 23-year-old son Blake and his generation, however, Randy said, ‘I think they’re going to struggle.’

He explained that keeping an upward trajectory going in today’s economy will be difficult to navigate, particularly given the rising cost of living. 

Just last week, a new Urban Institute study revealed that nearly half of Americans cannot afford the true cost of living, with 49 percent lacking the resources to live securely in their own communities. 

Since 2017, incomes have risen about 43 percent nationwide – while home prices have soared 81 percent and rents have climbed 54 percent. 

Meanwhile, 19 percent of American families were ‘poor or near poor’ in 2024, down from about 30 percent in 1979, according to the report. The group was defined as a family of three earning about $40,000 or less in 2024 dollars. 

A 2025 Wall Street Journal poll found that just 25 percent of Americans – the lowest in 38 years – believe they can improve their standard of living. 

Nearly 70 percent now say the American Dream of hard work leading to success is either dead or never existed.