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PORT SUDAN, Sudan (AP) — As Sudan enters its fourth year of ongoing warfare, the nation faces increasingly dire circumstances marked by famine, mass killings, and a severe shortage of essential supplies. This escalating crisis, often referred to as an “abandoned crisis,” is overshadowed by new conflicts in the Middle East, even as 13 million Sudanese have been displaced from their homes.
Sudan, located in North Africa, is now at the forefront of the world’s most significant humanitarian challenges, grappling with widespread displacement and acute hunger. The relentless conflict between the country’s military forces and the paramilitary group known as the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) continues unabated, with reports from witnesses and aid organizations highlighting the devastation in the expansive Darfur region.
There is mounting evidence of regional powers, such as the United Arab Emirates, providing covert support to the warring factions. Meanwhile, efforts by the United States and other regional entities to broker peace have faltered, particularly as attention shifts to the ongoing conflict involving Iran.
“This grim and chastening anniversary marks another year when the world has failed to meet the test of Sudan,” stated U.N. humanitarian chief Tom Fletcher, emphasizing the global community’s inability to address the crisis effectively.
Numbers tell a tale of pain
Since the conflict began, at least 59,000 lives have been lost. In a particularly brutal incident, the RSF launched an assault on the Darfur town of el-Fasher in October, resulting in over 6,000 deaths within just three days. United Nations-backed experts have described this offensive as having “the defining characteristics of genocide.”
Throughout the war, more than 11,000 individuals have been reported missing, according to the Red Cross, underscoring the conflict’s human toll.
The war has pushed parts of Sudan into famine. The number of people with severe acute malnutrition, the most dangerous and deadly kind, is expected to increase to 800,000, the worldâs foremost experts on food security, the Integrated Food Security Phase Classification, said in February.
About 34 million people, or almost two out of three Sudanese, need assistance, the U.N. says. Only 63% of health facilities remain fully or partially functional amid disease outbreaks, including cholera, according to the World Health Organization.
At a center for malnourished children in the Red Sea city of Port Sudan, health staff weighed crying babies and fed some through a tube in their nose.
The number of severely malnourished children entering the center has doubled since the war began, to 60 a week, staff said. The clinic has 16 beds, often forcing several children to share a mattress, they said.
âI donât know what will happen in the coming days,â said Dr. Osman Karrar, a physician there.
And now fuel prices in Sudan have increased by more than 24% because of the Iran war and its effects on shipping, driving up food prices.
âA plea from me: Please donât call this the forgotten crisis. Iâm referring to this as an abandoned crisis,â the top U.N. official in Sudan, Denise Brown, said Monday, criticizing the international community for failing to focus on ending the fighting.
War could spread beyond Sudan
The conflict exploded from a power struggle that emerged following Sudanâs transition to democracy after an uprising forced the military ouster of longtime autocratic President Omar al-Bashir in April 2019.
Tensions sparked between military chief Gen. Abdel-Fattah Burhan, who chairs the ruling sovereign council, and RSF commander Gen. Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo, who was Burhanâs deputy there.
Neither side can achieve a decisive victory, said Shamel Elnoor, a Sudanese journalist and researcher, adding that Sudanese âhave become powerless and are subjected to foreign dictates.â
Germany was hosting a Sudan conference in Berlin on Wednesday for governments, U.N. agencies, and aid groups. The aim is to rally humanitarian donors and âpromote an immediate ceasefire,â the German Development Ministry said.
The Sudanese government in Khartoum, however, slammed the conference as an âunacceptableâ interference and said Germany didnât consult with Sudan before convening it.
Sudan is now essentially divided between a military-backed, internationally recognized government in the capital, Khartoum, and a rival RSF-controlled administration in Darfur.
The military has established control over the north, east, and central regions, including Sudanâs Red Sea ports and its oil refineries and pipelines.
The RSF and its allies control Darfur and areas in the Kordofan region along the border with South Sudan. Both regions include many of Sudanâs oil fields and gold mines.
While Egypt supports Sudanâs military, the UAE is accused by U.N. experts and rights groups of providing arms to the RSF. The UAE has rejected the accusation.
The Yale School of Public Healthâs Humanitarian Research Lab, which tracks the war through satellite imagery, said this month that the RSF had received military support from a base in Ethiopia. The RSF didnât comment on the allegation.
Josef Tucker, senior analyst for the Horn of Africa at the International Crisis Group, told The Associated Press that the war could spill over Sudanâs borders, making the conflict âeven more intractable.â
Three years of fighting have seen widespread atrocities, including mass killings and rampant sexual violence, including gang rapes.
Hospitals, ambulances, and medical workers in Sudan have been attacked, with more than 2,000 people killed, WHO has said.
The International Criminal Court has said that it was investigating potential war crimes and crimes against humanity, particularly in Darfur, a region that two decades ago became synonymous with genocide and war crimes.
Most of the latest atrocities have been blamed on the RSF and their Janjaweed allies â Arab militias that were notorious for atrocities in the early 2000s against people identifying as East or Central African in Darfur. The RSF grew out of the Janjaweed.
The militaryâs seizure of Khartoum and other urban areas in central Sudan in early 2025 did allow the return of about 4 million people to their homes, the U.N. migration agency said in March. But they struggle with damaged infrastructure and other challenges.
âItâs not really a return to normal. It is trying to survive amid a new normal,â said Tjada DâOyen McKenna, CEO of aid group Mercy Corps.
