A significant number of Supreme Court justices on Tuesday appeared inclined to support a Christian counselor contesting restrictions on LGBTQ+ “conversion therapy” for children, arguing that these bans infringe on her First Amendment rights.
Kaley Chiles, backed by the administration of former President Donald Trump, claims that laws enacted by nearly half of the U.S. states unjustly prevent her from providing voluntary, faith-based counseling to children.
She is contesting the law in Colorado, where the state maintains that its legislation merely governs licensed therapists by prohibiting a practice that has been scientifically invalidated and associated with significant harm.
Nevertheless, the court’s conservative majority appeared unconvinced that states can limit therapeutic conversations aimed at altering emotions or behaviors while permitting counseling that supports children identifying as gay or transgender. Justice Samuel Alito remarked that the law “appears to be blatant viewpoint discrimination.”
This case merges two prevailing trends in recent court decisions: support for claims of religious discrimination and a more critical stance in LGBTQ rights cases. The court is also anticipated to review a case this session concerning the eligibility of transgender athletes to join sports teams. A verdict on the case heard Tuesday is expected by June.
Christian therapist says law silences her
Chiles asserts that her method differs from the conversion therapy historically linked to treatments like shock therapy from previous decades. She professes that “individuals thrive when they live in harmony with God’s design, including their biological sex.”
Her attorneys argue the bans make it difficult for parents to find a therapist willing to work on gender identity unless the counseling specifically affirms transition.
“Ms. Chiles is being silenced, and the kids and families who want her help are unable to access it,” said attorney James Campbell. Violating the law carries potential fines of $5,000 and license suspension or even revocation.
The Republican administration argued the Colorado law suppresses therapists’ speech, and should be subject to the higher legal standard of strict scrutiny, one that few measures pass.
Justice Ketanji Brown Jackson questioned why the Colorado law should be struck down, while the court upheld a different measure from Tennessee that bans transition-related treatments for transgender kids.
“I’m just, from a very, very broad perspective, concerned about making sure that we have equivalence with respect to these things,” she said. The Justice Department counters that Tennessee’s law is different because it involves medical treatments rather than conversations between a patient and their therapist.
State says therapy is health care
Families who have spoken in favor of restrictions include Linda Robertson, a Christian mom of four from Washington state whose son Ryan underwent therapy that promised to change his sexual orientation after he came out to her at age 12. The techniques led him to blame himself when it didn’t work, leaving him ashamed and depressed, she said. He died in 2009, after multiple suicide attempts and a drug overdose at age 20.
“What happened in conversion therapy, it devastated Ryan’s bond with me and my husband,” she said. “And it absolutely destroyed his confidence he could ever be loved or accepted by God.”
Colorado argues its law does allow for wide-ranging faith-based conversations, and it exempts religious ministries. No one has been sanctioned under the 2019 law.
State attorneys say that therapy is health care, and that Colorado has a responsibility to regulate it.
“Providers have a duty to act in their patients’ best interest and according to their professional standards. The First Amendment affords no exception,” Colorado Solicitor General Shannon Stevenson said.
Justice Neil Gorsuch, though, questioned whether the same argument could have been used to restrict pro-LGBTQ therapy in previous decades, when the mainstream medical view was different. “What if a state back then might have passed a law prohibiting talk therapy that affirmed homosexuality?”
Justice Amy Coney Barrett suggested strict scrutiny might apply, but malpractice suits could address claims of harm linked to the practice.
Laws challenged elsewhere
Chiles is represented by Alliance Defending Freedom, a conservative legal organization that has appeared frequently at the court in recent years. The group also represented a Christian website designer who doesn’t want to work with same-sex couples and successfully challenged a Colorado anti-discrimination law in 2023.
ADF’s argument in the conversion therapy case also builds on another victory from a 2018 Supreme Court decision, which found that California could not force state-licensed anti-abortion crisis pregnancy centers to provide information about abortion. Chiles should also be free from that kind of state regulation, the group argued.
The high court agreed to hear the case after the 10th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals in Denver upheld the law. Another Atlanta-based appeals court, the 11th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals, has struck down similar bans in Florida.
Legal wrangling has continued elsewhere as well. In Wisconsin, the state’s highest court recently cleared the way for the state to enforce its ban. Virginia officials, by contrast, have agreed to scale back the enforcement of its law as part of an agreement with a faith-based conservative group that sued.
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